Nature:绘制出有史以来最为详细的人类大脑图谱

2016-07-22 towersimper 生物谷

大航海时代已经过去好长时间了,但是至少还有一个领域仍然在很大程度上未被探索:人类大脑。如今,在一项新的研究中,来自美国华盛顿大学圣路易斯医学院的研究人员绘制出新的迄今为止最为详细的人类大脑皮层图谱,其中皮层是大脑的最外层,也是参与感官知觉、注意力以及截然不同的人类功能如语言、工具使用和抽象思维的主要结构。相关研究结果于2016年7月20日在线发表在Nature期刊上,论文标题为“A multi

大航海时代已经过去好长时间了,但是至少还有一个领域仍然在很大程度上未被探索:人类大脑。如今,在一项新的研究中,来自美国华盛顿大学圣路易斯医学院的研究人员绘制出新的迄今为止最为详细的人类大脑皮层图谱,其中皮层是大脑的最外层,也是参与感官知觉、注意力以及截然不同的人类功能如语言、工具使用和抽象思维的主要结构。相关研究结果于2016年7月20日在线发表在Nature期刊上,论文标题为“A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex”。


对研究自闭症、精神分裂症、痴呆症和癫痫等大脑疾病的科学家们而言,这幅新图谱将一大福音。科学家们将能够利用它理解患有这些疾病的病人的大脑与健康的成年人大脑之间的差异。它也将加快揭示出健康大脑的工作机制和阐明是什么让我们成为一种如此独特的物种。

研究人员使用了论文通信作者David Van Essen博士领导的一项为期5年投入几百万美元的研究---人类连接组计划(Human Connectome Project)---产生的数据和方法。人类连接组计划利用一种强大的定制的MRI机器绘制出1200名年轻人的大脑图谱。这项新的研究通过仔细地确定大脑不同区域的界限而能够更加准确地绘制出它们之间的连接而对人类连接组计划作了有力的补充。

这幅新的图谱基于物理差异(如皮层厚度)、功能差异(如哪些区域对语言刺激作出反应)和大脑区域连接上的差异,将左脑半球和右脑半球都划分为180个区域。大脑绘图学并不只是注意到这里有“山”那里有“河”,这是因为大脑大部分区域从表面上看起来是一样的。这幅图谱更像是一幅标注出州界的地图,而不只是展现出地形特征;从天空上看,最为重要的分界线不但是看不到的,而且看起来都是一样的。

Van Essen说,“大脑并不像是一台能够支持任何一种操作系统和运行任何软件的计算机。不过,可以这么说,软件(大脑如何工作)与硬件(大脑结构)相关联。如果你想要发现大脑能够做什么,你不得不理解它是如此组装的和连接的。”

研究人员绘制出大脑皮层的图谱。大脑皮层在感觉、注意力、记忆、知觉、思想、语言和意识中发挥着重要作用。

19世纪头10年,德国神经解剖学家Korbinian Brodmann首次绘制人类大脑皮层图谱。他鉴定出50个区域,包括随后经证实参与视觉、语言和感觉加工的区域。

将近一个世纪之后,当论文第一作者Matthew Glasser博士开始研究大脑中语言区域之间的连接时,Brodmann绘制的图谱和它通常在神经成像中的使用方式让他感到沮丧。

Glasser说,“我们早前对大脑中语言区域连接性的研究涉及拿着那张100年前绘制的图谱和试图猜测在Brodmann绘制的图谱中,大脑哪些区域与它们背后的神经通路相关联。我很快意识到我们需要一种更好的方法对我们正在研究的活体大脑中的区域绘制图谱。”

为了绘制这幅新的图谱,Glasser、Van Essen和同事们将来自210名健康的年轻人(男女性都有)的数据汇集在一起。研究人员将大脑皮层的厚度测量值、神经连接周围的绝缘程度与静息时大脑MRI扫描结果以及执行简单任务(如听故事)时大脑的MRI扫描结果结合在一起。

Glasser说,“我们最终发现每个脑半球有180个区域,但是我们认为这并不是最终的数字。在一些情形下,我们鉴定出一块大脑皮层很可能能够进一步细分,但是我们利用我们当前的数据和技术我们不能有把握地画出分界线。在未来,开发更好方法的科学家们将能够这个区域进行进一步细分。我们着重关注我们有把握经得起时间考验的分界线。”

在这些区域中,有一些区域明显参与特定的任务,如55b区域,当一个人听故事时,该区域就会有活动。其他的一些区域涉及人的视野,或者说参与运动控制。大多数区域很可能从不会被鉴定出只有单个功能,这是因为它们并不只是做一种事情,相反会协调来自很多不同信号的信息。

在Brodmann绘制的图谱与Glasser和Van Essen绘制的图谱之间的100年里,很多其他大脑皮层图谱也被绘制出,这些图谱鉴定出50到200个不同的区域。在这项新的研究中,研究人员通过在分析前准确地将这些大脑与一种共同的坐标系进行对齐,利用英国牛津大学同事们开发出的一种算法和将可获得到的高质量MRI数据整合在一起,最终对之前绘制的图谱加以改进。研究人员也通过绘制出另外210名不同的健康年轻人的大脑皮层图谱,证实他们的方法能够应用于个人。

结果就是研究人员绘制出一幅精确的图谱,该图谱具有非常清晰的分界线,和一种能够确定个人大脑不同区域位置的算法,即便从皮层褶皱模式、皮层图谱中区域的大小和形状而言,每个人是非常独特的。

Glasser说,“在过去,来自两项不同的神经成像研究中的结果是否涉及大脑同一个区域并不是总是清晰的。”通过利用这种新的图谱和对齐算法,不同研究的结果可能能够更加准确地进行比较。

更好的个人大脑图谱可能也是非常有用的。华盛顿大学神经外科医生们当在准备开展外科手术时,就已使用并不那么详细的个人大脑图谱,以避免伤害最为重要的大脑区域,如那些参与语言或运动功能的区域。

个人大脑图谱也可能指导神经或精神疾病治疗。比如,不同痴呆症的特征是大脑不同区域发生神经退化。临床医生们可能使用个人的大脑图谱,针对受影响的区域开展个人化治疗,或者监控治疗反应。

就像古时的地图制作者,大脑绘图师主要为其他人提供一种工具用于探索与发现。

Van Essen说,“我们能够说服Nature期刊将这每个脑半球180个大脑区域中每个区域的200多页详细信息和我们用来对齐大脑和绘制这幅图谱的所有算法在线发布。我们认为它将最好地服务于科学界,如果科学家们能够有兴趣在他们的计算机屏幕上获得这些图谱并且在他们认为合适的地方进行深入研究的话。”

原始出处:

Matthew F. Glasser,Timothy S. Coalson,et aL.A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex.Nature (2016).Jul 20,2016

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    2017-05-19 仁心济世
  3. 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likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6831717982, createdName=微分, createdTime=Mon Jul 25 08:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94237, encodeId=dc3c9423e82, content=绘制大脑图谱, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sat Jul 23 11:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94164, encodeId=101f9416466, content=人类大脑的奥秘还远远没有揭示。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Fri Jul 22 17:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-11 ylzr123

    赞了,认真探究、学习。

    0

  4. 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createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Fri Jul 22 17:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. 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createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Fri Jul 22 17:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-14 fenqiuse

    学习了,厉害

    0

  6. 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createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Fri Jul 22 17:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-09 木水晶

    能提供下图谱吗?

    0

  7. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83er7gGJY7ibia1wDTTwTL7vXbqvekMBTHAsd3KZ7btXM9tnHuicI2LdxJtIiccXeDCiaTvzkwMuribZ9oHVA/0, createdBy=c7b81713099, createdName=木水晶, createdTime=Tue Aug 09 22:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95350, encodeId=dca6953509e, content=有想法,肯动手,故而成大师级人物, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160824/IMG57BDA6843F0F38922.jpg, createdBy=8fdd1925645, createdName=1e0b9de5m54(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jul 31 22:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94557, encodeId=8fcf9455e72, content=学习了,方法不错,思路不错,有用,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6831717982, createdName=微分, createdTime=Mon Jul 25 08:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94237, encodeId=dc3c9423e82, content=绘制大脑图谱, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sat Jul 23 11:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94164, encodeId=101f9416466, content=人类大脑的奥秘还远远没有揭示。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Fri Jul 22 17:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-31 1e0b9de5m54(暂无匿称)

    有想法,肯动手,故而成大师级人物

    0

  8. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83er7gGJY7ibia1wDTTwTL7vXbqvekMBTHAsd3KZ7btXM9tnHuicI2LdxJtIiccXeDCiaTvzkwMuribZ9oHVA/0, createdBy=c7b81713099, createdName=木水晶, createdTime=Tue Aug 09 22:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95350, encodeId=dca6953509e, content=有想法,肯动手,故而成大师级人物, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160824/IMG57BDA6843F0F38922.jpg, createdBy=8fdd1925645, createdName=1e0b9de5m54(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jul 31 22:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94557, encodeId=8fcf9455e72, content=学习了,方法不错,思路不错,有用,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6831717982, createdName=微分, createdTime=Mon Jul 25 08:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94237, encodeId=dc3c9423e82, content=绘制大脑图谱, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sat Jul 23 11:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94164, encodeId=101f9416466, content=人类大脑的奥秘还远远没有揭示。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Fri Jul 22 17:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-25 微分

    学习了,方法不错,思路不错,有用,

    0

  9. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83er7gGJY7ibia1wDTTwTL7vXbqvekMBTHAsd3KZ7btXM9tnHuicI2LdxJtIiccXeDCiaTvzkwMuribZ9oHVA/0, createdBy=c7b81713099, createdName=木水晶, createdTime=Tue Aug 09 22:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95350, encodeId=dca6953509e, content=有想法,肯动手,故而成大师级人物, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160824/IMG57BDA6843F0F38922.jpg, createdBy=8fdd1925645, createdName=1e0b9de5m54(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jul 31 22:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94557, encodeId=8fcf9455e72, content=学习了,方法不错,思路不错,有用,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6831717982, createdName=微分, createdTime=Mon Jul 25 08:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94237, encodeId=dc3c9423e82, content=绘制大脑图谱, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sat Jul 23 11:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94164, encodeId=101f9416466, content=人类大脑的奥秘还远远没有揭示。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Fri Jul 22 17:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-23 oo902

    绘制大脑图谱

    0

  10. 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likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6831717982, createdName=微分, createdTime=Mon Jul 25 08:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94237, encodeId=dc3c9423e82, content=绘制大脑图谱, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sat Jul 23 11:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94164, encodeId=101f9416466, content=人类大脑的奥秘还远远没有揭示。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Fri Jul 22 17:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-22 lovetcm

    人类大脑的奥秘还远远没有揭示。

    0

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科学家兼作家Lyall Watson曾经说过:“我们永远无法理解大脑。”在人类的头颅中上亿个不断发出电信号的神经元组成密密麻麻的网络,已经困扰了科学家几个世纪。然而,近10年来,人们对这个神秘器官的认知迅速增长。诊断和分子技术的巨大发展已经揭开了一些大脑的奥秘,科学家正开始解析这些重大发现,并用于对应日常行为甚至疾病。加州大学旧金山分校的神经科学家Michael Stryker表示:“现在的神