遗传学相关词汇英汉对照

2010-07-07 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

  遗传学  genetics   细胞遗传学  cytogenetics   细胞的遗传学  cell genetics   体细胞遗传学  somatic cell genetics   发育遗传学  developmental genetics又称“发生遗传学”。   微生物遗传学  microbial genetics

  遗传学  genetics

  细胞遗传学  cytogenetics

  细胞的遗传学  cell genetics

  体细胞遗传学  somatic cell genetics

  发育遗传学  developmental genetics又称“发生遗传学”。

  微生物遗传学  microbial genetics

  细菌遗传学  bacterial genetics

  生化遗传学  biochemical genetics

  分子遗传学  molecular genetics

  生物工程[学]  biotechnology

  分子细胞遗传学  molecular cytogenetics

  反求遗传学  reverse genetics在体外使基因某一片段产生突变,再将突变基因重新导入体内, 观察这种突变的遗传学效应的科学。

  植物遗传学  plant genetics

  动物遗传学  animal genetics

  生统遗传学  biometrical genetics

  统计遗传学  statistical genetics

  数量遗传学  quantitative genetics

  群体遗传学  population genetics

  进化遗传学  evolutionary genetics

  人类遗传学  human genetics

  医学遗传学  medical genetics

  临床遗传学  clinical genetics

  法医遗传学  medico-legal genetics, forensic genetics

  病理遗传学  pathogenetics

  药物遗传学  pharmacogenetics

  生理遗传学  physiological genetics

  免疫遗传学  immunogenetics, immunological genetics

  行为遗传学  behavioral genetics

  核遗传学  karyogenetics

  辐射遗传学  radiation genetics

  毒理遗传学  toxicological genetics

  生态遗传学  ecological genetics, ecogenetics

  群落遗传学  syngenetics

  优生学  eugenics

  消极优生学  negative eugenics又称“预防性优生学(preventive eugenics)”。研究如何 降低人群中产生不利表型的基因频率,以改善人类的遗传素 质的科学。

  优型学  euphenics

  优境学  euthenics

  染色体学  chromosomology, chromosomics

  染色体工程[学]  chromosome engineering

  核学  karyology, caryology

  核形态学  karyomorphology

  核型分类学  karyotaxonomy

  基因学说  gene theory

  多基因学说  polygenic theory

  孟德尔遗传定律  Mendel's law of inheritance, Mendel's laws

  分离定律  law of segregation

  独立分配定律  law of independent assortment又称“自由组合定律”。

  生物伦理学  bioethics讨论生物学研究工作中,如遗传工程,器官移植等所牵涉到的 伦理问题。

  肤纹学  dermatoglyphics

  突变学说  mutation theory

  一基因一多肽假说  one-gene one-polypeptide hypothesis

  一基因一酶假说  one-gene one-enzyme hypothesis

  遗传的染色体学说  chromosome theory of inheritance

  交叉型假说  chiasmatype hypothesis

  断裂愈合假说  breakage and reunion hypothesis

  模板选择[假说]  copy choice [hypothesis]

  交叉单面说  one-plane theory of chiasma

  交叉双面说  two-plane theory of chiasma

  性染色体学说  sex-chromosome theory

  高尔顿定律  Galton's law

  霍尔丹法则  Haldane's rule在杂种一代中,某一性别的个体稀少、缺乏或者不育,它们往往是 异配性别。

  莱昂假说  Lyon hypothesis

  克隆选择学说  clonal selection theory

  摆动假说  wobble hypothesis

  C值悖理  C value paradox C值是指单倍基因组DNA的量。物种的C值和它进化复杂性之间没有严格 对应关系,例如哺乳动物的C值低于两栖类,两栖类C值不但很高,而且亲缘种之间 相差达100倍。

  泛生说  theory of pangenesis

  先成说  preformation theory

  后成说  epigenesis

  灾变说  catastrophism

  生源说  biogenesis又称“生物发生说”。

  非生源说  abiogenesis又称“自然发生说”。

  多源发生说  polygenism

  多次起源说  polychronism

  魏斯曼学说  Weissmannism

  拉马克学说  Lamarckism

  起源中心学说  theory of center of origin

  新拉马克学说  neo-Lamarckism

  达尔文学说  Darwinism

  新达尔文学说  neo-Darwinism

  选择学说  selection theory

  中性选择学说  theory of neutral selection

  竞争排斥原理  competitive exclusion principle两个有相同生态要求的种,由于不能在相同的小环境中和地理位置 上共存,最终一个代替了另一个。

  超显性假说  overdominance hypothesis

  动态平衡说  shifting balance theory

  中断平衡进化说  punctuated equilibrium theory

  物种恒定学说  theory of fixity of species

  纯系说  pure line theory

  原核生物  prokaryote

  真核生物  eukaryote

  体质  soma

  种质  germ plasm

  前核  pronucleus成熟的卵或精子的核。

  生殖核  germ nucleus

  孤雌生殖  parthenogenesis又称“单性生殖”。

  自发单性生殖  autoparthenogenesis

  产雄单性生殖  androgenetic parthenogenesis

  孤雄生殖  patrogenesis

  无性生殖  asexual reproduction

  半配生殖  semigamy

  无配子生殖  apogamy

  无融合生殖  apomixis

  无融合结实  apogamogony

  准性生殖  parasexuality

  两性生殖  bisexual reproduction

  自体受精  self-fertilization, autofertilization

  双受精  double fertilization

  闭花受精  cleistogamy

  未减数孢子生殖  apomeiosis

  性[别]决定  sex determination

  性比  sex ratio

  性指数  sex index果蝇的性别决定于常染色体的套数和X染色体数之间的平衡。X染色体导致雌性趋势,常染色 体导致雄性趋势。

  初级性比  primary sex ratio

  相对性别  relative sexuality

  核性别  nuclear sex

  同配性别  homogametic sex

  异配性别  heterogametic sex

  纯合性别  homozygous sex

  性逆转  sex reversal

  间性  intersex

  两性现象  bisexuality

  核性别鉴定  nuclear sexing

  超性  supersex

  超雄  super-male

  超雌  super-female

  多雄性  polyandry一卵多精现象。

  多雌性  polygyny一精多核现象。

  传递  transmission

  遗传  heredity

  颗粒遗传  particulate inheritance

  交叉遗传  criss-cross inheritance

  优先遗传  prepotency

  简单遗传  simple inheritance

  单亲遗传  monolepsis

  父性遗传  paternal inheritance

  偏父遗传  patroclinal inheritance

  限雄遗传  holandric inheritance

  限雌遗传  hologynic inheritance

  母体影响  maternal influence

  母体遗传  maternal inheritance

  偏母遗传  matrocliny, matroclinal inheritance

  超亲遗传  transgressive inheritance

  多体遗传  polysomic inheritance

  多因子遗传  multifactorial inheritance

  染色体外遗传  extrachromosomal inheritance

  核外遗传  extranuclear inheritance

  细胞质遗传  cytoplasmic inheritance

  非孟德尔遗传  non-Mendelian inheritance

  延迟遗传  delayed inheritance

  获得性状遗传  inheritance of acquired character

  混合遗传  blending inheritance

  遗传命名法  genetic nomenclature

  核型  karyotype, caryotype又称“染色体组型”。

  表型  phenotype

  拟表型  phenocopy又称“表型模拟”。

  基因型  genotype

  拟基因型  genocopy

  野生型  wild type

  性状  character, trait

  孟德尔性状  Mendelian character

  单基因性状  monogenic character

  单位性状  unit character

  相对性状  relative character, contrast character

  隐性性状  recessive character

  性连锁性状  sex-linked character又称“伴性性状”。

  限性性状  sex-limited character

  从性性状  sex influenced character,sex-conditioned character

  突变性状  mutant character

  获得性状  acquired character

  显性  dominance

  共显性  codominance

  不完全显性  incomplete dominance

  不规则显性  irregular dominance

  镶嵌显性  mosaic dominance

  假显性  pseudodominance

  准显性  quasidominance

  超显性  superdominance, overdominance

  隐性  recessiveness, recessive

  互引相  coupling phase

  互斥相  repulsion phase

  等位基因排斥  allelic exclusion一个杂合子表现其任一异型性状的现象。

  配子[分离]比  gametic ratio

  孟德尔比率  Mendelian ratio

  配对  pairing

  染色体配对  chromosome pairing

  同源性  homology

  同源配对  autosyndetic pairing

  异源[染色体]配对  heterogenetic pairing

  体细胞[染色体]配对  somatic pairing

  缺对性  nullisomy

  分离  segregation

  庞纳特方格  Punnett square又称“棋盘式”。

  染色单体分离  chromatid segregation

  相邻分离  adjacent segregation

  相间分离  alternate segregation

  超亲分离  transgressive segregation

  优先分离  preferential segregation又称“偏向分离”。

  分离落后  segregational lag

  不分离  nondisjunction

  染色体不分离  chromosome non-disjunction

  合子后隔离  post-zygotic isolation

  苯硫脲尝味试验  phenylthiocarbamide tasting

  基因型比值  genotypic ratio

  基因剂量  gene dosage

  连锁  linkage

  连锁值  linkage value

  连锁群  linkage group

  X 连锁  X linkage

  Y 连锁  Y linkage

  完全连锁  complete linkage

  平衡连锁  balanced linkage

  连锁不平衡  linkage disequilibrium

  线性排列  linear arrangement

  同线性  synteny

  交换  crossing over

  交换值  crossing-over value

  姐妹染色单体交换  sister chromatid exchange, SCE

  体细胞[染色体]交换  somatic crossing over

  有丝分裂交换  mitotic crossover

  着丝粒交换  centromeric exchange, CME

  相互交换  reciprocal interchange

  染色体互换  chromosome interchange

  双交换  double crossing over, double exchange

  四线双交换  four strand double crossing over

  不等交换  unequal crossing over

  重组节  recombination nodule

  重组  recombination

  遗传重组  genetic recombination

  重组频率  recombination frequency

  基因间重组  intergenic recombination

  等位基因间重组  interallelic recombination

  染色体内重组  intrachromosomal recombination

  体细胞重组  somatic recombination

  细胞学图  cytological map

  染色体图  chromosome map

  核型图  karyogram, caryogram

  核型模式图  idiogram

  缺失作图  deletion mapping又称“缺失定位”。

  连锁图  linkage map

  基因定位  gene mapping, gene localization

  基因作图  gene mapping

  基因图谱  gene map

  遗传学图  genetic map

  交换图  crossing-over map

  图距  map distance

  突变距离  mutation distance

  遗传背景  genetic background

  遗传体系  genetic system生物的交配方式,如自交、异交,或兼具两种交配方式。

  遗传信息  genetic information

  遗传标记  genetic marker

  遗传指纹  genetic fingerprint又称"基因指纹","DNA指纹".不同个体的DNA表现不同的限制酶片段长度多态性,这种 限制酶片段的带型称为遗传指纹。

  遗传惰性  genetic inertia

  遗传互补  genetic complementation

  遗传素质  hereditary predisposition

  遗传异质性  genetic heterogeneity

  遗传单位  hereditary unit

  摩尔根单位  morgan unit遗传图距单位。

  厘摩  centimorgan, cM遗传图距单位,等于1%的交换。

  作图函数  mapping function又称“定位函数”。

  图距单位  map unit

  干涉  interference

  染色单体干涉  chromatid interference

  并发系数  coefficient of coincidence

  等位性  allelism, allelomorphism

  上位性  epistasis

  基因多样性  gene diversity

  [分化]全能性  totipotency

  多效性  pleiotropy, pleiotropism

  反应规范  reaction norm

  稳定位置效应  stable position effect

  花斑位置效应  variegated position effect

  位置效应  position effect

  表现度  expressivity

  外显率  penetrance

  不完全外显率  incomplete penetrance

  显性致死  dominant lethal

  隐性致死  recessive lethal

  条件致死  conditional lethal

  性连锁致死  sex-linked lethal又称“伴性致死”。

  平衡致死  balanced lethal

  变异  variation

  配子无性系变异  gametoclonal variation

  体细胞无性系变异  somaclonal variation

  加倍剂量  doubling dosage

  断裂剂  clastogen

  修饰  modification

  持续饰变  persisting modification, dauermodification

  畸变  aberration

  自发畸变  spontaneous aberration

  染色单体畸变  chromatid aberration

  染色体畸变  chromosomal aberration

  染色单体断裂  chromatid break

  等位染色单体断裂  isochromatid break

  等位染色单体缺失  isochromatid deletion

  缺失  deletion

  缺失体  deletant

  末端缺失  terminal deletion

  中间缺失  intercalary deletion, interstitial deletion

  重复  duplication

  染色体重复  chromosome duplication

  易位  translocation

  罗伯逊易位  Robertsonian translocation非同源染色体端着丝粒之间融合,或两个近端着丝粒染色体相互易位而形成一个染色体。

  染色单体易位  chromatid translocation

  平衡易位  balanced translocation

  无着丝粒-双着丝粒易位  acentric-dicentric translocation

  倒位  inversion

  臂间倒位  pericentric inversion

  臂内倒位  paracentric inversion

  异臂倒位  heterobrachial inversion

  无着丝粒倒位  akinetic inversion

  倒位环  inversion loop

  重建  restitution

  [断裂]重接  reunion

  重排  rearrangement

  染色体重排  chromosomal rearrangement

  染色体消减  chromosomal elimination

  费城染色体  Philadelphia chromosome, Ph chromosome

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    2015-09-27 magali

    The accident of finding this post has britngehed my day

    0

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    2010-08-18 amyloid