烧烤食物真的会让我们患癌?

2016-08-15 佚名 生物谷

今年夏天如果给你一盘烤黑的烧烤食物的话,那么你或许需要好好想想是否要吃下去这些东西;一般情况下人们认为烧烤的食物容易诱发癌症,这部分是由于食物在高温烧烤下会产生一种特殊的致癌分子—丙烯酰胺分子,这种分子在其工业形式下具有潜在的毒性和致癌特性,然而目前研究人员并不是很清楚事物中的丙烯酰胺分子和个体患癌之间的具体关系。 丙烯酰胺分子的潜在危险性或许归因于一条铁路隧道,大约20年前,工人们在瑞典南部建

今年夏天如果给你一盘烤黑的烧烤食物的话,那么你或许需要好好想想是否要吃下去这些东西;一般情况下人们认为烧烤的食物容易诱发癌症,这部分是由于食物在高温烧烤下会产生一种特殊的致癌分子—丙烯酰胺分子,这种分子在其工业形式下具有潜在的毒性和致癌特性,然而目前研究人员并不是很清楚事物中的丙烯酰胺分子和个体患癌之间的具体关系。

丙烯酰胺分子的潜在危险性或许归因于一条铁路隧道,大约20年前,工人们在瑞典南部建造一条穿越Hallands?s 山脉通往Bj?re半岛的隧道时,他们意外地发现,附近区域的牛开始表现出一些奇怪的症状,比如步履蹒跚等,有些扭甚至出现了虚脱甚至死亡的情况,这就迫使有关人员开始进行调查,后来结果发现,这些牛喝了受丙烯酰胺毒性分子污染的水,才会出现上述中毒的症状。

建筑工人在建筑过程中以聚丙烯酰胺来作为裂缝的密封胶,聚丙烯酰胺分子本身非常安全,但聚合体形成的反应如果没有完成,有些未反应的丙烯酰胺分子就会留下来;随后研究者对工人们进行检测来观察是否其血液中的丙烯酰胺分子处于一个不安全的水平,同时研究者以未暴露于工业丙烯酰胺的工人作为基准,然而结果显示,对照组个体的血液中也出现了让人非常吃惊的高水平丙烯酰胺分子。

起初研究者们认为汉堡牛排或许是工人血液中丙烯酰胺的来源,随后研究者们还在诸如油炸马铃薯等土豆制品和咖啡中发现了高水平的丙烯酰胺,这或许就清楚表明了,丙烯酰胺的形成和富含碳水化合物的食物相关,而和富含蛋白质的食物或许关联性不大,而且一旦食物被加热超过120度,比如油煎、烘烤或烘培食物中都含有较高水平的丙烯酰胺;这或许是一项新的研究发现,但自从烹饪方式被发明后,丙烯酰胺分子或许总是会在不同风格的烹饪食物中形成。

当天然的氨基酸天冬酰胺和一些天然的碳水化合物发生反应时就会形成丙烯酰胺分子,但我们在未烹饪或熟制食物中却找不到丙烯酰胺的踪迹,牛奶、肉制品和鱼肉制品中往往含有较少的丙烯酰胺分子,而且是否含有丙烯酰胺同食物是否有机还是无机并无关联,而是跟食物依赖的烹饪方式有关;当然在人们吸烟过程中也会产生丙烯酰胺。

于是研究者们就提出了一种“黄金法则”,即烹饪食物时食物如果变得金黄即可,而不要让食物变成棕褐色或黑色,而这一过程就严格限制了丙烯酰胺分子的产生,然而如果我们在低温下烹饪食物的话,似乎不太可能会杀灭所有细菌,这往往又会引发较高的食物中毒风险。

当科学家们鉴别出丙烯酰胺的来源后,他们并没有证实,当人们摄入烹饪食物时丙烯酰胺就是一种引发人类致癌的物质;2015年的一项研究综述中,研究者总结道,饮食中的丙烯酰胺和大多数癌症的风险并无关联,尽管如此,饮食中的丙烯酰胺和从不摄入烟熏食物的个体患肾脏癌症、子宫内膜癌以及卵巢癌却存在一定的关联。

对肉类的关注

让我们将话题切换到烤肉上来,烧烤肉中含有其它对人体健康有害的化合物,如今研究者们也越来越关注对烧烤肉和人类健康关联的研究了,这些化合物基本分为两大类:第一类为多环芳香烃(PAHs,含有多个融合六角形苯环的化合物),比如萘和苯并芘等;第二类为杂环胺类化合物(HCAs)。多环芳烃往往来源于烹饪过程中肉类的脂肪和滴在火焰上的油汁儿,而杂环胺则产生于反复烹饪的食物中,通过氨基酸和糖类之间的反应而生成。

动物试验结果表明,暴露于高水平的这些化合物中往往会诱发癌症,但实际上人类所接触的这些化合物的水平往往要高于从肉类中获取的这些化合物的水平。部分研究结果表明,烧烤肉和油煎类肉类的摄入往往和个体患特性类型癌症的较高风险直接相关,但这些关联很难确切证明。

如果你真的非常关心的话,那么就减少用明火做饭,而改用微波(微波炉)来做饭从而来降低上述化合物的接触风险,而且将饮食方式转变为有规律地摄入肉类;同时应该少摄入肉类而以蔬菜取代肉类,当然改变后的食物或许没有那么好吃,而烧烤、烘培的方式或许会产生让食物变得非常美味的许多分子。

最后研究者说道,如果我们有着健康的生活饮食方式,比如摄入较多水果、蔬菜以及全谷物食物,这些食物中并不会包含丙烯酰胺分子,当然也就是说,食物越简单,其或许就越健康,有时候要注意合理搭配饮食,这样我们才能够保持健康。

参考资料及更多推荐内容:

【1】Does burned food give you cancer?

【2】还吃烤肉?新研究发现经常吃烤肉可增加肾癌风险

【3】要想远离癌症千万别吃这6种食物

【4】研究发现食用红肉真的会增加患癌风险

【5】美味的致命诱惑!警惕吃烤肉的六大危害

【6】3种常吃食物致癌性强 被列癌症“黑名单”


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    2017-03-17 wenjie
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    2016-08-17 yhy100201
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    2016-08-17 lq0307
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    2016-08-15 doctorJiangchao

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