Neuron:大脑“清道夫”过度活跃,加剧老年痴呆

2017-07-04 Floa 生物探索

《Neuron》期刊在线发表一篇题为“TDP-43 Depletion in Microglia Promotes Amyloid Clearance but Also Induces Synapse Loss”的文章,揭示大脑中的“清道夫”——小胶质细胞存在一个令人意外的功能。来自于苏黎世大学的研究团队首次发现,当功能紊乱,小胶质细胞清除β-淀粉样蛋白的同时,还会过度吞噬神经突触。这一作用会导致

《Neuron》期刊在线发表一篇题为“TDP-43 Depletion in Microglia Promotes Amyloid Clearance but Also Induces Synapse Loss”的文章,揭示大脑中的“清道夫”——小胶质细胞存在一个令人意外的功能。来自于苏黎世大学的研究团队首次发现,当功能紊乱,小胶质细胞清除β-淀粉样蛋白的同时,还会过度吞噬神经突触。这一作用会导致阿尔兹海默症等神经衰退性疾病发生、恶化。



小胶质细胞是神经胶质细胞的一种,类似于吞噬细胞,是中枢神经系统的第一道也是最主要的免疫防线,负责清除受损的神经细胞、毒性蛋白等有害物质。

但是,现在,这一“清道夫”却被证实,当其不表达TDP-43蛋白时,除了清除阿尔兹海默症主要的病变蛋白——β-淀粉样蛋白病斑之外,还会吞噬突触。突触缺失过多会加快神经衰退性疾病的发展。

1  小胶质细胞“贪吃”,破坏大脑突触

小胶质细胞通过清除多余的突触或者毒性蛋白质沉淀,保护神经元的正常功能。但是,最新研究却发现,这类细胞却是导致阿尔兹海默症突触缺失的“元凶”。

当研究团队以小胶质细胞为目标,检测阿尔兹海默症致病基因功能时,他们发现如果沉默细胞内表达TDP-43蛋白的基因,这类细胞会高效清除β-淀粉样蛋白。研究团队进一步以痴呆小鼠为模型,抑制其大脑小胶质细胞中TDP-43蛋白表达后,再一次证实小胶质细胞能够有效清除β-淀粉样蛋白。这意味着,TDP-43蛋白的缺乏会增强小胶质细胞的吞噬作用。

但是让人意外的是,小鼠大脑中淀粉样蛋白病斑被清除的同时,突触也显着减少了。而且,即便小鼠并未产生淀粉样蛋白,其突触也同样被明显清除。这表明,小胶质细胞的吞噬能力过度活跃,会导致大脑突触缺失。

2  TDP-43蛋白调节小胶质细胞活性

以上研究成果表明,对于神经衰退性疾病而言,小胶质细胞的作用一直以来被低估了。除了通过炎症反应、释放神经毒性分子影响疾病发展之外,它们还可能积极诱导神经系统衰退。

研究人员推测,伴随着机体衰老,功能失调的小胶质细胞可能会表现出异常的吞噬活性。“衰老过程中,营养缺乏或者饥饿等情况会增强小胶质细胞的吞噬活性,这可能会导致突触丧失。” Lawrence Rajendran推测道。

为什么很多致力于清除β-淀粉样蛋白的临床试验失败?阿尔兹海默症患者的认知能力并没有得到改善?研究团队认为,这很有可能与小胶质细胞功能紊乱有关,它或许是引发治疗失败的重要原因。

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    2018-02-26 by2021
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    2017-07-05 flysky120

    学习一下知识了

    0

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    2017-07-05 传说中的大哥

    厉害

    0

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    2017-07-04 139****5926

    好好文章学习了

    0

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一项于6月27日发表在《PLOS Biology》上的研究称,行为训练能够改变注意力促进大脑处理信息的方式,该研究由加州大学圣地亚哥分校的Sirawaj Itthipuripat牵头。

Ann Neurol:卒中后言语康复的关键在大脑背腹侧结构的可塑性

弓状纤维是背侧语言网络中最大的也是最明确的一组纤维束,该区域损伤会导致复述、命名甚至是理解障碍,以及持续的慢性失语。弓状纤维损伤程度可预测言语的整体性。急性期弓状纤维的非对称性消失可以预测脑卒中后 30 天失语表现。不单是弓状纤维还包括腹侧的白质通路(钩回和极囊束)均与会话性言语损伤有关。 腹侧纤维束在语义处理过程中扮演重要角色。腹侧纤维束损伤程度与急性失语的理解能力和语义处理明显相关。

Science:调节大脑一个简单化合物,让你像孩子一样轻松学习语言

学习语言或音乐对孩子来说通常是轻而易举的事,但这种能力随着年龄的增长而急剧下降。美国St. Jude儿童研究医院的科学家们从小鼠身上得到证据,对大脑中一种关键的化学信使的限制,有助于在成年后的生活中有效地进行听觉学习。这项研究发表在6月30日的Science杂志上。