冠状动脉钙化病变的介入治疗

2013-07-24 首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院 杨士伟 周玉杰 医学论坛网

冠状动脉钙化是指钙质在冠状动脉管壁组织或粥样硬化斑块内沉积,X线透视呈高密度影像。冠心病患者尸检时发现80%的冠状动脉病变有不同程度钙化,但冠状动脉造影时仅有约15%~60%的病变合并钙化。血管内超声(IVUS)检出率较高,可发现60%~70% 的病变合并钙化。冠状动脉钙化的机理尚不完全清楚,可能与以下因素有关:(1)冠状动脉粥样硬化严重程度和范围:粥样硬化越严重、范围越广泛,钙化程度往

冠状动脉钙化是指钙质在冠状动脉管壁组织或粥样硬化斑块内沉积,X线透视呈高密度影像。冠心病患者尸检时发现80%的冠状动脉病变有不同程度钙化,但冠状动脉造影时仅有约15%~60%的病变合并钙化。血管内超声(IVUS)检出率较高,可发现60%~70% 的病变合并钙化。冠状动脉钙化的机理尚不完全清楚,可能与以下因素有关:(1)冠状动脉粥样硬化严重程度和范围:粥样硬化越严重、范围越广泛,钙化程度往往越明显;(2)年龄:年龄越高,钙化越严重;(3)高钙血症:血钙越高,钙化程度越重;(4)高胆固醇血症:患者胆固醇水平越高,钙化程度越严重;(5)其他:慢性肾功能衰竭、甲状旁腺功能亢进等均可导致冠状动脉钙化。根据冠状动脉钙化的严重程度,可分为以下4级:(1)无钙化:无任何钙化影发现;(2)轻度钙化:只有在心脏跳动时看到较淡、较模糊的跳动钙化影,心脏不动时完全看不到钙化影的存在;(3)中度钙化:在心脏跳动时看到较清楚、较容易看到的钙化影,心脏不动时看不到钙化影的存在;(4)重度钙化:在心脏跳动和不动时均可清楚看到钙化影。

尽管冠状动脉造影是诊断冠心病的金标准,但其本身有一定局限性,如在评价斑块成份及管壁结构等方面有一定的限制。IVUS可以一定程度上弥补冠状动脉造影的局限,增加钙化病变的检出率及对钙化严重程度的判断。根据IVUS图像中钙化弧度的不同可将钙化病变分为:(1)0度:无钙化;(2)Ⅰ度:钙化弧在90°范围内;(3)Ⅱ度:钙化弧在90°~180°之间;(4)Ⅲ度:钙化弧在180°~270°之间;(5)Ⅳ度:钙化弧在270°~360°之间。而根据钙化在IVUS图像上血管壁内分布的位置分为:(1)浅表钙化:钙化分布在靠近病变管腔与内膜交界侧;(2)深部钙化:钙化分布在斑块的深层,靠近中层与外膜交界侧;(3)混合钙化:钙化弥漫性分布在管壁的浅表和深部。

钙化病变在冠状动脉经皮介入治疗(PCI)术中并不少见,不仅会使术者操作更加困难,还可能会影响手术结果与安全性,甚至影响患者的远期预后。文献报告,钙化病变PCI成功率远低于非钙化病变。目前普遍认为,钙化病变是增加PCI并发症和降低成功率的主要危险因素之一。因此,正确的识别、诊断、处理钙化病变对临床介入操作者来说是必不可少的。

轻度钙化病变的PCI治疗:用普通的预扩张球囊高压扩张即可打开病变。但有些钙化病变尽管造影看上去较轻,但实际上钙化层很厚,容易使预扩张球囊破裂,因此在高压预扩张时要尽力避免球囊瞬间破裂产生高压水流,造成血管夹层。可使用非顺应性后扩张球囊对轻型病变进行充分预扩张,保证支架顺利通过。中度钙化病变的PCI治疗:血管周围大部分被钙化病变占据,用高压球囊加到很高的压力才能打开病变,但选择球囊直径时要注意,要选择比血管直径小一个号的球囊,以免造成血管破裂。往往这种病变合并严重狭窄时,对介入操作很不利,普通器械难以通过,支架更难通过。而且,严重钙化病变必须充分预扩张,支架才能膨胀完全。要达到充分预扩张的目的,要从小球囊逐渐扩张,扩张到一定程度后,高压球囊或切割球囊可以通过病变,才能充分打开钙化病变血管,植入支架。重度钙化病变的PCI治疗:钙化病变包裹血管壁达到180度以上,血管外壁包着厚厚的钙化盔甲,血管内狭窄很重,使用球囊打开狭窄部位非常困难。在这种情况下,应首选冠状动脉内旋磨术。

钙化病变PCI常用器械的选择:(1)强支撑力指引导管(EBU、XB、Amplatz等);(2)亲水涂层(或聚合物涂层)指引导丝;(3)多个不同型号球囊反复预扩张:包括半顺应性预扩张短球囊与非顺应性后扩张短球囊等;(4)辐射张力强的支架,必要时可选择短支架进行拼接。

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    2013-09-29 lg.zhao
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