Nat Rev Immunol:联合免疫疗法:癌症治疗的新策略

2013-07-26 Nature Reviews Immunology Nature Reviews Immun

肿瘤能够通过开发保护健康宿主细胞的调控网络来逃避免疫系统,从而避免免疫介导的供给。瞄准此类路径为治疗癌症病人带来了希望,然而越来越明显的是,一种联合疗法很可能需要临床疗效。最近发表在《科学》和《临床调查期刊》上的两项研究如今描述了癌症治疗联合免疫疗法的大有希望的新策略。 CD47被宿主细胞所表达,其功能相当于向巨噬细胞发出一个“别吃我”的信号,而巨噬细胞能够通过信号调节蛋白质-α (SIRPα;

肿瘤能够通过开发保护健康宿主细胞的调控网络来逃避免疫系统,从而避免免疫介导的供给。瞄准此类路径为治疗癌症病人带来了希望,然而越来越明显的是,一种联合疗法很可能需要临床疗效。最近发表在《科学》和《临床调查期刊》上的两项研究如今描述了癌症治疗联合免疫疗法的大有希望的新策略。

CD47被宿主细胞所表达,其功能相当于向巨噬细胞发出一个“别吃我”的信号,而巨噬细胞能够通过信号调节蛋白质-α (SIRPα; 也称为SHPS1) 识别出这种分子。抑制CD47–SIRPα交互作用的抗体能够通过巨噬细胞促进肿瘤细胞的吞噬作用,但这些抗体同时也具有脱靶效应。Weiskopf等人试图改进现存的基于CD47的疗法,他们最初利用人体SIRPα作为单体CD47结合域,从而作为一种CD47的拮抗剂。在发现这种交互作用具有较弱的亲合力后,他们设计了人体SIRPα的变体,从而能够以高亲合力结合CD47。

在巨噬细胞与肿瘤细胞的混合培养中,高亲合力SIRPα单体并没有通过自身提高肿瘤细胞的吞噬作用。然而,当与不同的肿瘤特定抗体混合传送时,单体显着增加肿瘤细胞的吞噬作用。显而易见的是,这些肿瘤特定抗体中的许多已经被允许治疗不同的癌症,包括曲妥单抗(用来治疗乳腺癌)、西妥昔单抗(用来治疗结直肠癌)和利妥昔单抗(用来治疗淋巴癌)。

作者还调查了在一个淋巴癌小鼠模型进行联合治疗的效果。用利妥昔单抗或SIRPα单体治疗减缓了肿瘤的生长,但用这两种疗法联合治疗在大部分小鼠中完全消除了肿瘤。类似的结果还出现在一个人乳化的乳腺癌小鼠模型中。重要的是,SIRPα单体对健康的宿主细胞并不具有毒性。这些数据表明,高亲合力SIRPα单体能够在基于抗体的癌症治疗中作用一个普适的辅助剂加以使用。

Marabelle等人进行的研究则调查了肿瘤中的目标调节T(TReg)细胞是否能够提高CpG寡脱氧核苷酸(ODNs)的抗肿瘤疗效,后者是一种Toll样受体9兴奋剂。之前的研究已经表明,在肿瘤中直接注射CpG ODNs能够促进一种抗癌响应,但响应的功效则显示被与肿瘤相关的TReg细胞所限制。

作者发现,来自小鼠和人类淋巴瘤的能够渗透肿瘤的TReg细胞表达了高水平的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原4(CTLA4)和OX40配体(OX40L; 也称为TNFSF4),特别是对于肿瘤抗原特殊的TReg细胞。他们指出,直接注射CpG ODNs,辅以特定OX40L或CTLA4特定抗体,能够消耗TReg细胞,同时根除小鼠体内的肿瘤。此外,当所有3种试剂联合使用时产生了最大的抗肿瘤效应。

这项研究的一个有趣的方面是在一个单一局部肿瘤位点瞄准TReg细胞(通过抗体和CpG ODNs的直接肿瘤内注射)在小鼠中促进了全身的抗肿瘤响应以及长时间的保护。相比之下,尽管抗体和CpG ODNs的全身给药法具有即时的抗肿瘤效应,但小鼠随后却会复发。引人注目的是,在一个小鼠患有中枢神经系统(CNS)淋巴瘤和皮下淋巴瘤的模型中,在皮下肿瘤中注射抗体和CpG ODNs也能够消除CNS肿瘤。低剂量的抗体被发现在施加于局部肿瘤位点时是有效的。这在临床试验中是一个重要的发现,表明CTLA4特定抗体在全身投送时具有毒性效应。

总的来看,这两项研究描述了免疫疗法的新的结合方式,它们能够有效地治疗小鼠中已有的肿瘤。这对于确定是否这些策略也能够在癌症病人中表现出类似的希望将是至关重要的。

Bordon Y.Tumour immunology: Cracking the combination.Nat Rev Immunol. 2013 Jun 7;13(7):469. doi: 10.1038/nri3481. Epub 2013 Jun 7. No abstract available. PMID:23743478

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