胶质母细胞瘤卒中术后继发硬膜下水瘤1例

2020-03-03 郑锐哲 姜秀峰 陈二涛 中国临床神经外科杂志

女,39岁,因突发意识障碍2 h入院。入院体格检查:神志昏迷,GCS评分6分;左侧瞳孔散大,直径约5 mm;右侧瞳孔直径约2 mm;双侧瞳孔对光反射皆消失;四肢肌张力偏高,右侧病理征阳性。

1. 病例资料
 
女,39岁,因突发意识障碍2 h入院。入院体格检查:神志昏迷,GCS评分6分;左侧瞳孔散大,直径约5 mm;右侧瞳孔直径约2 mm;双侧瞳孔对光反射皆消失;四肢肌张力偏高,右侧病理征阳性。
 
急诊头部CT示左侧颞顶叶及侧脑室后角出血(图1A)。急行开颅探查、脑内血肿清除术、去骨瓣减压术。术中见硬膜张力极高,直接穿刺血肿腔,抽出约15ml暗红色血性液体后将硬脑膜放射状剪开,于皮质下约2 cm见暗红色血性液体,其间夹杂“鱼肉样”病变组织。术中清除血凝块及可疑病变组织约60 ml并送病理检查。术后恢复良好(图1B)。术后病理结果为胶质母细胞瘤。


图1 胶质母细胞瘤卒中术后继发硬膜下水瘤手术前后影像及颅骨成形术中表现A. 首次入院术前CT平扫;B. 首次入院术后CT平扫;
 
1年后,再次入院行颅骨成形术。体格检查:神志清楚,GCS评分15分,左侧额颞顶部见约10 cm×10 cm骨窗,局部膨隆透光。颅脑MRI示脑出血术后改变,左侧部分颅骨缺如,伴巨大囊样灶,呈长T1、长T2脑脊液样信号(图1C),强化后无增强表现。择期行左侧颞顶部颅骨缺损成形术,术中穿刺囊腔,抽取约40 ml无色清亮液体。皮瓣切开后可见硬膜下凸出的瘤腔(图1D)。将囊腔的外壁呈扇形剪开,见其内壁为不规则增厚的蛛网膜和人工硬脑膜,额颞部蛛网膜下腔广泛闭塞。囊肿与左侧脑室相通,瘘口处可见条带样增厚的粘连蛛网膜并可见随脑搏动节律不断涌出的脑脊液(图1E)。在显微镜下将瘘口及周围处增厚的蛛网膜条带锐性分离松解,另分别在额叶及颞叶后部区域将蛛网膜剥离。将囊腔外壁严密缝合,并使用自体颞肌加固、生物蛋白胶粘合加强封闭效果,最后取经计算机预塑形后的三维钛板修补颅骨缺损。术后恢复良好,12 d拆线出院。出院前CT可见硬膜下水瘤基本消失,仅少量积液(图1F)。术后2个月复查情况良好。





图1C. 再次入院术前MRI;D. 再次入院颅骨成形术中硬膜下凸出的瘤腔;E. 再次入院颅骨成形术中水瘤内壁及瘘口;F. 再次入院颅骨成形术后CT平扫
 
2. 讨论
 
硬膜下水瘤的确切发病机制尚不清楚,既往认为可能是脑脊液循环动力学的改变或脑脊液正常吸收的潜在障碍。硬膜下水瘤体积增大的机制主要有单向活瓣机制、高渗透压学说、颅内压平衡失调机制、血脑屏障破坏机制。本文病例行颅骨成形术时,发现人工硬脑膜下缘由异常结构形成的透明菲薄膜包裹覆盖,且周边为粘连增厚的异常蛛网膜组织,导致蛛网膜下腔闭塞,原空腔隧道表面被条带样增厚的粘连蛛网膜和脑软化灶覆盖,而硬膜下水瘤与左侧脑室相通,瘘口处条带样增厚的粘连蛛网膜充当瘤腔-侧脑室沟通的单向活瓣。此外,肿瘤切除后瘤床可能会有含铁血黄素、炎性细胞、肿瘤细胞等残留,在腔内形成局部的高渗环境,亦可能使脑脊液在渗透压差作用下发生集聚。
 
本文病例硬膜下水瘤巨大,为避免减压过快导致出血,先用穿刺抽取的方式缓慢降低张力。由于本文病例出现硬膜下水瘤合并脑室贯通畸形,完全切除水瘤损伤较大,且脑室缺口也无法完全修补闭合,而单纯开窗将导致钛板与皮下的积液,影响伤口愈合;因此,我们采取将侧脑室瘘口半透明的活瓣样结构彻底切除,辅以额颞叶广泛的蛛网膜粘连松解术,使流入囊肿腔脑脊液直接引流到蛛网膜下腔,同时,对囊腔内应用大量的生理盐水冲洗,防止局部高渗环境的再形成。本文病例取得良好治疗效果。
 
原始出处:

郑锐哲,姜秀峰,陈二涛,孙兆良,冯东福.胶质母细胞瘤卒中术后继发硬膜下水瘤1例[J].中国临床神经外科杂志,2019,24(02):128.

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    2020-03-03 健健

    卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!

    0

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