PNAS:BRAF基因的突变可能成为儿童脑瘤治疗靶点

2013-04-04 叶予 生物通

研究儿童脑瘤的科学家们发现,BRAF基因上的不同突变将需要特异性的治疗方式,文章发表在美国国家科学院院刊PNAS杂志上。研究显示,基因测序数据能帮助人们,依据患儿肿瘤中的特定突变来实现个性化医疗。 “对肿瘤基础生物学了解得越多,我们就离个性化治疗越近。同一个基因上的不同突变,对治疗药物的反应也大相径庭,而我们这项研究揭示了这种现象背后的分子机制,”文章第一作者,美国费城儿童医院的Angela J

研究儿童脑瘤的科学家们发现,BRAF基因上的不同突变将需要特异性的治疗方式,文章发表在美国国家科学院院刊PNAS杂志上。研究显示,基因测序数据能帮助人们,依据患儿肿瘤中的特定突变来实现个性化医疗。

“对肿瘤基础生物学了解得越多,我们就离个性化治疗越近。同一个基因上的不同突变,对治疗药物的反应也大相径庭,而我们这项研究揭示了这种现象背后的分子机制,”文章第一作者,美国费城儿童医院的Angela J. Sievert博士说。

星形细胞瘤(一种低级别胶质瘤)是最常见的一种儿童脑瘤,如果手术可以完全清除肿瘤,患儿就可以得到治愈。不过,有时星形细胞瘤范围太广或者位置敏感,就很难将其安全去除。另外,这种肿瘤也有可能复发。为此,科学家们在寻找更好的治疗方式,最好是能够开发出特效药,既能够选择性彻底杀死肿瘤,对健康组织的毒性又低。

BRAF是人类癌症中最常见的突变基因之一。2008和2009年,Sievert等研究者们发现,BRAF基因突变在儿童星形细胞瘤非常普遍。“这是一个里程碑式的发现,如果我们能够阻断该突变的作用,就能够有效治疗这些肿瘤,”Sievert说。

BRAF在成人黑素瘤中也存在突变,而且人们已经开发了相应的BRAF抑制剂,这些药物经测试对成人黑素瘤是有效的。于是研究者们尝试用上述BRAF抑制剂来治疗儿童星形细胞瘤。然而结果却令人沮丧,对成人黑素瘤有效的BRAF抑制剂,却会通过一种被称为paradoxical activation的作用让脑瘤恶化。这说明癌症相当复杂,同一个基因的不同突变,对药物治疗的反应也存在较大差异。

为此,研究人员进行了细胞实验和动物实验,发现肿瘤对治疗的差异性反应取决于BRAF的突变类型。对成人黑素瘤有效的第一代药物,针对的是BRAF基因的V600E突变。但绝大多数星形细胞瘤的BRAF突变与此不同,会产生一个融合基因KIAA1549-BRAF。因此,在用第一代药物治疗儿童星形细胞瘤时,反而激活了一个致癌的生物学通路(MAPK信号级联),加速了肿瘤生长。

在这一分子机制的基础上,研究人员与制药公司合作,开发了新型的二代BRAF抑制剂。这种抑制剂能够破坏上述融合基因的致癌信号,而且在细胞实验和动物实验中均未引起paradoxical activation。

今年早些时候,费城儿童医院宣布与华大基因合作对儿童脑瘤进行二代测序,希望加速发现相关的新基因突变。“对肿瘤突变情况了解得越多,我们距离个性化治疗就越近,”文章的资深作者,Adam C. Resnick博士说。

doi:10.1073/pnas.1219232110
PMC:
PMID:

Paradoxical activation and RAF inhibitor resistance of BRAF protein kinase fusions characterizing pediatric astrocytomas

Angela J. Sievert, Shih-Shan Lang, Katie L. Boucher, Peter J. Madsen, Erin Slaunwhite, Namrata Choudhari, Meghan Kellet, Phillip B. Storm, and Adam C. Resnick

Astrocytomas are the most common type of brain tumors in children. Activated BRAF protein kinase mutations are characteristic of pediatric astrocytomas with KIAA1549-BRAF fusion genes typifying low-grade astrocytomas and V600EBRAF alterations characterizing distinct or higher-grade tumors. Recently, BRAF-targeted therapies, such as vemurafenib, have shown great promise in treating V600E-dependent melanomas. Like V600EBRAF, BRAF fusion kinases activate MAPK signaling and are sufficient for malignant transformation; however, here we characterized the distinct mechanisms of action of KIAA1549-BRAF and its differential responsiveness to PLX4720, a first-generation BRAF inhibitor and research analog of vemurafenib. We found that in cells expressing KIAA1549-BRAF, the fusion kinase functions as a homodimer that is resistant to PLX4720 and accordingly is associated with CRAF-independent paradoxical activation of MAPK signaling. Mutagenesis studies demonstrated that KIAA1549-BRAF fusion-mediated signaling is diminished with disruption of the BRAF kinase dimer interface. In addition, the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion displays increased binding affinity to kinase suppressor of RAS (KSR), an RAF relative recently demonstrated to facilitate MEK phosphorylation by BRAF. Despite its resistance to PLX4720, the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion is responsive to a second-generation selective BRAF inhibitor that, unlike vemurafenib, does not induce activation of wild-type BRAF. Our data support the development of targeted treatment paradigms for BRAF-altered pediatric astrocytomas and also demonstrate that therapies must be tailored to the specific mutational context and distinct mechanisms of action of the mutant kinase.

(责任编辑:lili.zhao)

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    2014-02-28 drwjr
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    2013-04-06 jxrzshh
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    2013-04-06 zhaojie88

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