mBio:CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统编辑疟原虫基因组

2014-07-12 王莹 生物通

疟疾是由疟原虫属(Plasmodium)寄生虫感染引起,仍然是一个全球性的公共卫生负担。虽然许多疟原虫的基因组已经测序,但是它们基因组中大约一半基因的功能,仍不明确。研究基因的功能已经成为许多研究的重点;然而,对疟原虫基因组中的基因进行编辑,仍然是低效的。 2014年7月1日,厦门大学和美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员,在美国微生物学会旗下的学术期刊《mBio》发表的一项研究中,利用CRISPR

疟疾是由疟原虫属(Plasmodium)寄生虫感染引起,仍然是一个全球性的公共卫生负担。虽然许多疟原虫的基因组已经测序,但是它们基因组中大约一半基因的功能,仍不明确。研究基因的功能已经成为许多研究的重点;然而,对疟原虫基因组中的基因进行编辑,仍然是低效的。

近日,厦门大学和美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员,利用CRISPR/Cas9系统为基础的方法,来编辑疟疾寄生虫基因组,该研究发表在美国微生物学会旗下的学术期刊mBio。

删除或修改一个基因,是研究许多生物体基因功能的强大方法。各种基因编辑方法,如基因敲除(KO)、基因标签(gene tagging)或等位基因替换(AR)已经被开发并广泛用于研究疟原虫的基因功能。这些方法通常是基于同源重组,将包含药物可选标记的一段DNA插入到靶基因,或用一段修改的基因序列替换一个基因。然而,这些方法耗时且低效,需要长期的药物选择和寄生虫无性繁殖。另外,DNA插入或替换的位点往往不是特异性的,发生在同源区域的随机位点。

最近,更有效和位点特异性的基因组编辑技术,如锌指核酸酶(ZFN)介导的修饰,已经开发用于研究恶性疟原虫(Plasmodium falciparum)的基因;然而,靶定位点的有限选择和高成本,限制了这种技术的广泛应用。转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶(TALEN) ——另外一种开发用于许多生物体基因组编辑的有效方法,还没有成功地应用于疟原虫基因编辑。最近,另一种简单但功能强大的基因组编辑技术—— CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术,已经开发并成功地应用于许多生物体的基因组修改,包括另外一种寄生虫(Toxoplasma gondii)。

CRISPR/Cas9系统起源于一种原核RNA可编程核酸酶,可以通过两个组件(Cas9核酸酶和一个靶向sgRNA)的异源表达,在染色体上的 一个特异位点引入一个双链断裂(DSB)。CRISPR/Cas9引进的靶特异性DSBs,可以通过激活易于出错的非同源末端连接(NHEJ)途径,或通 过同源重组(如果提供一个供体模板)得以修复。已有研究证明,在许多生物体中产生基因敲入(KI)、KO或AR方面,CRISPR/Cas9系统比其他技 术更加有效,从而彻底改变了生物医学研究的许多领域。

因此,需要为研究疟疾寄生虫的基因功能,开发一种CRISPR/Cas9为基础的基因组编辑方法。然而,驻留在红细胞(RBCs)内的疟原虫,和一 段外源DNA,已经通过四层膜到达寄生虫细胞核。与哺乳动物细胞的转染相比,寄生虫的转染效率较低。此外,由于其寄生的生活方式,一种疟疾寄生虫有编码约 6500个预测基因的“减少“的基因组。

在真核细胞中的许多酶,通常不存在于寄生虫中。例如,没有发现RNA干扰(RNAi)所需的酶,因此到目前为止,不能使用RNAi来沉默疟原虫的基因表达。CRISPR/Cas9系统能否用来编辑疟疾寄生虫的基因组,仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。

在这项研究中,研究人员以CRISPR/Cas9系统为基础,设计了几种有效的方法,将位点特异性DNA双链断裂引入到约氏疟原虫 (Plasmodium yoelii)基因组中,可通过同源重组修复。利用这个系统,研究人员实现了多个寄生虫基因的高效基因删除、标记和等位基因替换。

该系统的开发将大大提高我们修改疟原虫基因组的能力,从而影响疟原虫的功能研究。该研究结果明确指出,CRISPR/Cas9系统在P. yoelii中是功能性的。若将此技术应用于其他疟原虫的研究中,研究也会变得非常有趣。使用这种强大的技术,编辑疟原虫基因组,将大大促进我们阐明基因功能的能力,并有望控制这种致命的疾病。

原始出处:

Zhang C, Xiao B, Jiang Y, Zhao Y, Li Z, Gao H, Ling Y, Wei J, Li S, Lu M, Su XZ, Cui H, Yuan J.Efficient Editing of Malaria Parasite Genome Using the CRISPR/Cas9 SystemMBio. 2014 Jul 1;5(4). pii: e01414-14. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01414-14.

Sidik SM, Hackett CG, Tran F, Westwood NJ, Lourido S.Efficient Genome Engineering of Toxoplasma gondii Using CRISPR/Cas9.PLoS One. 2014 Jun 27;9(6):e100450


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[GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1783805, encodeId=47411e83805f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aca952284d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR/Cas9基因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5228, encryptionId=aca952284d, topicName=CRISPR/Cas9基因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5b34252, createdName=chenshujs, createdTime=Tue Sep 09 10:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1950088, encodeId=7da71950088e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f98b15504d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#RISPR/Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15504, encryptionId=f98b15504d8, topicName=RISPR/Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, 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topicList=[TopicDto(id=3419, encryptionId=4f26341994, topicName=Bio)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12de429, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Sun Dec 28 17:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1275809, encodeId=001312e58092c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=755d5211a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5211, encryptionId=755d5211a0, topicName=CRISPR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583c133, createdName=yuandd, createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1341214, encodeId=b3d3134121434, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e9c45226b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR/Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5226, encryptionId=e9c45226b3, topicName=CRISPR/Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7eeb2500172, createdName=haouestc, createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1364972, encodeId=68bc13649e2b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f66412ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4127, encryptionId=3f66412ebd, topicName=Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8346212, createdName=respect, createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1387824, encodeId=e01d138e8246f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=25ffe04313d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#疟原虫#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70431, encryptionId=25ffe04313d, topicName=疟原虫)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e622500011, createdName=12498484m46(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624722, encodeId=bc0e1624e227b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-12-28 sunylz
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1783805, encodeId=47411e83805f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aca952284d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR/Cas9基因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5228, encryptionId=aca952284d, topicName=CRISPR/Cas9基因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5b34252, createdName=chenshujs, createdTime=Tue Sep 09 10:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1950088, encodeId=7da71950088e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f98b15504d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#RISPR/Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15504, encryptionId=f98b15504d8, topicName=RISPR/Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5226, encryptionId=e9c45226b3, topicName=CRISPR/Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7eeb2500172, createdName=haouestc, createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1364972, encodeId=68bc13649e2b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f66412ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4127, encryptionId=3f66412ebd, topicName=Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8346212, createdName=respect, createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1387824, encodeId=e01d138e8246f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=25ffe04313d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#疟原虫#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70431, encryptionId=25ffe04313d, topicName=疟原虫)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e622500011, createdName=12498484m46(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624722, encodeId=bc0e1624e227b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-07-13 yuandd
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1783805, encodeId=47411e83805f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aca952284d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR/Cas9基因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5228, encryptionId=aca952284d, topicName=CRISPR/Cas9基因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5b34252, createdName=chenshujs, createdTime=Tue Sep 09 10:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1950088, encodeId=7da71950088e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f98b15504d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#RISPR/Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15504, encryptionId=f98b15504d8, topicName=RISPR/Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5226, encryptionId=e9c45226b3, topicName=CRISPR/Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7eeb2500172, createdName=haouestc, createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1364972, encodeId=68bc13649e2b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f66412ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4127, encryptionId=3f66412ebd, topicName=Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8346212, createdName=respect, createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1387824, encodeId=e01d138e8246f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=25ffe04313d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#疟原虫#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70431, encryptionId=25ffe04313d, topicName=疟原虫)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e622500011, createdName=12498484m46(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624722, encodeId=bc0e1624e227b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1783805, encodeId=47411e83805f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aca952284d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR/Cas9基因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5228, encryptionId=aca952284d, topicName=CRISPR/Cas9基因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5b34252, createdName=chenshujs, createdTime=Tue Sep 09 10:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1950088, encodeId=7da71950088e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f98b15504d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#RISPR/Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15504, encryptionId=f98b15504d8, topicName=RISPR/Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5226, encryptionId=e9c45226b3, topicName=CRISPR/Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7eeb2500172, createdName=haouestc, createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1364972, encodeId=68bc13649e2b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f66412ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4127, encryptionId=3f66412ebd, topicName=Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8346212, createdName=respect, createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1387824, encodeId=e01d138e8246f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=25ffe04313d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#疟原虫#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70431, encryptionId=25ffe04313d, topicName=疟原虫)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e622500011, createdName=12498484m46(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624722, encodeId=bc0e1624e227b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Sun Jul 13 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-07-13 respect
  8. 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    2014-07-13 yaanren

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