Cell揭秘遗传机制“漏洞”:大量基因能在受孕前后改变

2017-03-01 佚名 生物探索

生物体的遗传物质编码并不是固定的,在有机体的一生中可以随时改变或变异。单个编码的变化就是随机突变,会自发地发生,导致发育问题。在2月23日的Cell上刊登的一篇文章表明,无法用随机突变解释的大量变化存在于一般人群中,这种多基因的改变发生在受孕之前或之后,它们可能会告诉科学家许多有关疾病的基本知识。1 作者对发现所做出的解释文章的第一作者兼通讯作者贝勒医学院的助理教授Pengfei Liu博士表示,

生物体的遗传物质编码并不是固定的,在有机体的一生中可以随时改变或变异。单个编码的变化就是随机突变,会自发地发生,导致发育问题。在2月23日的Cell上刊登的一篇文章表明,无法用随机突变解释的大量变化存在于一般人群中,这种多基因的改变发生在受孕之前或之后,它们可能会告诉科学家许多有关疾病的基本知识。

1 作者对发现所做出的解释

文章的第一作者兼通讯作者贝勒医学院的助理教授Pengfei Liu博士表示,“这项研究是对各种发育疾病的年幼患者进行临床检测的一个组成部分,研究人员完成了超过60,000个人的临床基因组研究,其中大部分样品是在贝勒遗传学实验室完成。在这些样品中,有5份出现了极端数量的遗传变化,不能用随机事件来解释。”

研究人员分析的是拷贝数变异,也就是指的人体DNA中基因拷贝的数量。文章的另外一位通讯作者James R. Lupski教授说:“DNA中的拷贝数变异就像一本书中重复或者缺失的段落和页面。比如说,如果一本书中重复了一两页,你可能会认为是随机错误。但假如有10个不同的页面出现了重复,你就会怀疑这不是偶然发生的了。我们希望能了解人类基因组中出现这许多个的新拷贝数差异突变背后的基本机制”。

2 影响人体早期发育的现象

研究人员将这种现象称为multiple de novo copy number variants(多重全新拷贝数变异),从它的名称中可以看出,这些拷贝数变异数量很多,且是全新的(de novo)。这意味着携带这种遗传变化的患者不是从他们的父母处遗传了这些突变,因为亲本都不携带这些突变。

在这种罕见的情况中,拷贝数变异增加两倍或三倍的可能比丢失的可能要多得多,而且是在儿童所有的细胞中都出现。由于不是从父母处遗传而来,研究人员认为额外的基因拷贝可能发生在双亲的生殖细胞:精子或卵细胞中,并且是在受精之前或受精后非常早就出现了。

这种突变的遗传变化只发生在胚胎发育的早期阶段,之后就停止。研究人员指出有趣的是,尽管存在大量的突变,但这些年幼的患者只是出现了相对轻微的神经系统问题。研究人员正在分析更多的患者样品,希望能寻找到更多的多个拷贝数变异的病例,继续深入的探索这种罕见现象。

3 该项发现的意义

Pengfei Liu博士说:“我们希望,随着世界各地的研究人员了解了这种情况,能发现越来越多的病例。这将有助于增加对基础机制的理解,以及发育障碍中和在癌症中为何以及如何会出现致病性拷贝数变异。”

这一发现在很大程度上得益于贝勒遗传学实验室进行的多方面基因分析和基因组数据分析。Lupski教授说:“贝勒遗传学诊断实验室是临床基因组学新时代的先驱之一,他们正在开发的临床基因组学对于促进和支持美国国立卫生研究院的精确医学倡议,产生基因组学数据,进一步推动人类基因组研究是非常必要的。”

4 中国的胚胎基因组计划

在生物基因研究和信息分析技术高速发展的今天,基因组学已经广泛应用到临床,并显示出有别于传统医学的巨大优越性。中国在临床基因组方面的研究也并不落后,为了探索未知的胚胎早期发育的奥秘,最终实现减少出生缺陷、提高人口素质的目标。中国胚胎基因组计划(CEGP)由首席单位山东大学附属生殖医院和中国遗传学会遗传咨询分会于2016年8月7日在上海联合发起,并成立专门的计划委员会。

该计划旨在通过对胚胎的检测及研究进行大规模的临床验证及探索,获得一手的临床数据,为建立PGS/PGD的临床标准规范、评价新技术对胚胎检测的安全性、准确性和可信度提供理论支持。

为了从根本上实现新生儿遗传疾病的早发现、早诊断,针对新生儿疾病的基因组计划也同步启动,计划5年内完成10万例新生儿基因检测。旨在构建中国新生儿基因组数据库,建立新生儿遗传病基因检测标准,形成生命早期的遗传病诊治、药物基因组、生长发育评估等跨组学数据整合和临床应用,推动出生缺陷的精准干预。

原始出处:

Pengfei Liu,Bo Yuan,Claudia M.B. Carvalho,et al.An Organismal CNV Mutator Phenotype Restricted to Early Human Development.Cell, 2017, 168(5):830-842.e7

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    2017-12-09 szhvet
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    2017-05-22 维他命
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    2017-11-17 楚秀娟
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    2017-08-30 仁者大医
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