不典型心肌梗死的特殊表现

2015-10-27 山东大学附属省立医院 商德亚 7CFECCM

一、急性心肌梗死的定义 急性心肌梗死是常见的内科急症之一,是在冠状动脉病变的基础上发生冠状动脉血供急剧减少或中断使相应的心肌严重而持久地急性缺血所致心肌坏死,临床表现有持久的胸骨后剧烈疼痛、发热、白细胞计数和血清心肌酶增高以及心电图进行性改变;可发生心律失常、休克或心力衰竭。急性心肌梗塞的临床与心电图表现个体差异性较大,典型病例不难诊断,占全部心肌梗塞的70%~80%。不典型的病例易于误

一、急性心肌梗死的定义

急性心肌梗死是常见的内科急症之一,是在冠状动脉病变的基础上发生冠状动脉血供急剧减少或中断使相应的心肌严重而持久地急性缺血所致心肌坏死,临床表现有持久的胸骨后剧烈疼痛、发热、白细胞计数和血清心肌酶增高以及心电图进行性改变;可发生心律失常、休克或心力衰竭。急性心肌梗塞的临床与心电图表现个体差异性较大,典型病例不难诊断,占全部心肌梗塞的70%~80%。不典型的病例易于误诊或漏诊。

二、不典型心肌梗死的特殊临床表现

(一)临床症状不典型:无胸痛或不以胸痛为主要症状:

1、疼痛部位不典型:牙痛、颈椎痛、咽痛、上腹部痛;

2、临床表现不典型:无胸骨后剧烈疼痛,所谓不典型的临床表现,指无心前区疼痛,胸骨后疼痛或疼痛轻微,而以其他系统症状为主要表现。如以心衰为主,表现为突然呼吸困难加重,原无心衰表现为突然急性左心衰竭。部分病人发病时以休克血压下降为主要表现,少数人,尤其是老年人表现为头晕,肢体瘫痪或突然意识丧失、抽搐等脑循环症状。有些病人表现上腹部疼痛,恶心呕吐,甚至出现有腹部压痛及肌紧张,更易造成误诊,少数人疼痛放射到咽部、牙齿、下颌、左腕等处使症状不典型。根据以上情况,所以如果出现下列症状时,应疑及有心肌梗塞可能:

①中年以上患者,原因不明的心衰、心律失常、脑循环障碍;

②心前区疼痛或上腹部疼痛同时伴有恶心呕吐者;

③病人原来血压高,如血压突然下降,并有冷汗、胸痛者;

④突发性压榨性肩背疼痛,咽后壁痛、牙疼、出汗;

⑤心前区突然出现明显的收缩期杂音,同时并有呼吸困难胸痛者。

(二)心电图不典型

多数心肌梗死由于具备特征性心电图改变,如坏死型Q波、损伤型ST段及缺血型T波,诊断较易。少数心肌梗死患者由于受心肌损伤的程度、梗死的深度、范围、次数,病变的部位,探查电极的位置,合并传导障碍,检查的时间以及其他各种因素的影响,使心电图改变不典型,给诊断造成困难,临床上往往因此而发生漏诊甚至导致严重后果。

为了提高心肌梗死的检出率,不但要认识典型的梗死图形改变,对那些不典型的梗死图形改变也要有所认识,而且后者在临床上并非少见。据一组病理和心电图对照研究结果证明,心电图诊断心肌梗死的准确性为80%,有20%的患者心电图不典型或无特异性表现,而被漏诊。

因此,当临床有可疑心肌梗死时,应对心电图进行重复多次描记,反复比较,认真观察其细微变化,切不可轻易凭借一次心电图无特性发现而武断地否定心肌梗死的可能,还应根据临床症状、生化及影像学检查进行全面分析,综合判断。

1、非穿壁性心肌梗死少数心肌梗死局限于心内膜下,壁内或外膜下的心肌,未贯穿心室壁全层,因而不出现典型的病理性Q波。

2、仅有T波改变,可见于壁内和外膜下心肌梗死,表现为开始时T波高尖,以后T波渐呈对称性倒置,直至恢复直立,符合梗死T波的演变规律,结合临床表现及血清酶的变化更有助诊断。

3、心肌梗死合并束支传导阻滞心肌梗死合并右束支传导阻滞时,由于右束支传导阻滞的QRS波起始向量与正常相同,所以心肌梗死时仍可显示病理性Q波。心电图常具备二者的心电图特征,基本上不影响心肌梗死的诊断。但合并左束支传导阻滞时,则掩盖其梗死图形,应注意观察是否有心肌梗死时ST-T的一系列演变过程,并结合临床表现及血清酶的变化以助诊断。

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    2017-06-28 坚意

    有道理

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=216253, encodeId=10f3216253d1, content=有道理, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuAmNOo2CIXoPnk6cZJ68uMsIaDYy0g5yRpcBAhXcstenugseD7ZO5ojvfpEtwgSTrD3yibYHRWRD9/0, createdBy=77d72036876, createdName=坚意, createdTime=Wed Jun 28 08:15:10 CST 2017, time=2017-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=140691, encodeId=861714069179, content=学习了^_^~~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/8FC64D7F3731BB70DB463708F298FD1A/100, createdBy=a45a1960801, createdName=唐晓帆, createdTime=Thu Oct 06 01:00:36 CST 2016, time=2016-10-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1898621, encodeId=b1f218986216e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e5062028978' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不典型#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20289, encryptionId=e5062028978, topicName=不典型)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=102a153, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 18:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=41724, encodeId=e26541e241f, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=142, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b911658392, createdName=梦想天空, createdTime=Wed Oct 28 09:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=41598, encodeId=d0d841598f0, content=有道理, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Tue Oct 27 20:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-06 唐晓帆

    学习了^_^~~

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    2016-09-27 yaanren
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    2015-10-28 梦想天空

    0

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    2015-10-27 午夜星河

    有道理

    0