Cell:沙门氏菌的天才生存指南

2015-02-05 佚名 生物谷

其实宿主免疫系统与病原体(广义:包括病变的自身组织)是一对哲上的矛盾。如果没有病原体的存在,免疫系统也就毫无意义。在进化过程中,宿主免疫系统与病原体在不断地调整自己,适应对方的特性,从而将自身的利益最大化。最近发表在《Cell:trends in immunology》杂志上的一篇综述类文章中,作者就沙门氏菌的感染方式与宿主的免疫策略做了系统的总结。 沙门氏菌是一类常见的寄生类微生物。最早见于美

其实宿主免疫系统与病原体(广义:包括病变的自身组织)是一对哲上的矛盾。如果没有病原体的存在,免疫系统也就毫无意义。在进化过程中,宿主免疫系统与病原体在不断地调整自己,适应对方的特性,从而将自身的利益最大化。最近发表在《Cell:trends in immunology》杂志上的一篇综述类文章中,作者就沙门氏菌的感染方式与宿主的免疫策略做了系统的总结。

沙门氏菌是一类常见的寄生类微生物。最早见于美国19世纪爆发的猪霍乱疫情。当时著名细菌学家D.E.萨蒙(沙门)从病猪肠道内分离得到一种前所未见的细菌,因而定名为沙门氏菌。沙门氏菌属中一类常见的感染人的菌株叫做Salmonella enterica,该菌能够在人类肠道内长期繁殖,并造成慢性感染,难以治愈。那么S. enterica是如何在高度炎性的肠道内生存的呢?
 
巨噬细胞是人体内威力巨大的抗感染卫士。它消灭病原体的主要方式是内吞与消化。在高度炎性化的肠道区域,充斥着大量的巨噬细胞。S. enterica能够激活宿主的巨噬细胞表面的模式受体,从而刺激巨噬细胞对它进行吞噬。然而,在进入巨噬细胞内部后,沙门氏菌的特性使得它能够利用细胞内部的环境进行大量繁殖。之后,S. enterica再次利用宿主的胞内炎症小体以及INF-R信号等诱导巨噬细胞发生凋亡,从而将大量子代的细菌释放到胞外。另外,巨噬细胞的坏死会使得S. enterica更容易从表皮层向组织内部渗透,从而造成系统性地感染。
 
另一方面,S. enterica的胞内感染并不会引起巨噬细胞的快速死亡。一部分巨噬细胞被感染后并没有“壮烈牺牲”,而是很快变成了“汉奸” ,它们快速失去巨噬细胞应有的特性,释放极低的促炎性因子,最重要的是提供了胞内舒适的场所供S. enterica繁殖,最终形成慢性感染。目前发现调控这类巨噬细胞的关键因子是PPAR-γ,一类胞内识别脂肪酸的受体,同时也是转录因子。它受到S. enterica相关配体的激活,能够激活下有基因的表达,改变巨噬细胞原本的代谢模式,提高胞内葡萄糖浓度,方便S. enterica的繁殖。
 
另外,S. enterica还可以诱导肠道炎性反应,驱使免疫细胞杀伤其它类型的细菌,从而为其在肠道内的寄生减少了竞争压力。
 
综上,作者总结了S. enterica利用宿主免疫系统的主要特点:免疫逃逸与繁殖。说明免疫系统有时候并不是万能的。这也说明了为什么我们在吃坏肚子的时候不得不打针吃药而不是仅仅等待自然恢复:自然恢复是有可能的,但同时也是有风险的。

原始出处

Behnsen J1, Perez-Lopez A1, Nuccio SP2, Raffatellu M3.Exploiting host immunity: the Salmonella paradigm.Trends Immunol. 2015 Jan 9.

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    2015-09-19 维他命
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