韩晓红:外周血肿瘤标志物的研究进展

2014-07-28 中国医学科学院肿瘤医院 沈胤晨 韩晓红 医学论坛网

在7月5日的第八届中国肿瘤内科大会上,北京协和医学院、中国医学科学院肿瘤医院、抗肿瘤分子靶向药物临床研究北京市重点实验室的韩晓红介绍了外周血肿瘤标志物的研究进展。 近年来,世界范围内的肿瘤发病及死亡率都在逐年攀升,成为严重危害人类生命健康的重大疾病之一。随着个体化治疗的迅速发展,检测特异的分子靶点,筛选最佳获益人群,已经逐步成为临床医生和临床检验实验室共同面对的重要课题。但是

在7月5日的第八届中国肿瘤内科大会上,北京协和医学院、中国医学科学院肿瘤医院、抗肿瘤分子靶向药物临床研究北京市重点实验室的韩晓红介绍了外周血肿瘤标志物的研究进展。

近年来,世界范围内的肿瘤发病及死亡率都在逐年攀升,成为严重危害人类生命健康的重大疾病之一。随着个体化治疗的迅速发展,检测特异的分子靶点,筛选最佳获益人群,已经逐步成为临床医生和临床检验实验室共同面对的重要课题。但是由于目前临床上用于指导治疗、预测疗效和评估预后的成熟生物靶向标志物相对有限,已经建立的少数方法多需要通过组织标本进行检测,在一定程度上制约了肿瘤个体化治疗的临床应用。因而探索在一些易获得标本如外周血和恶性胸水等标本中实现肿瘤标志物检测,将给患者带来极大的便利和益处,非侵入式的样本采集不仅能减轻患者的痛苦,也能方便临床对患者进行病情监测和预后评估,从而及时调整治疗策略,真正做到患者的个体化治疗。

一、血液中蛋白肿瘤标志物

自甲胎蛋白被发现以后,血中蛋白肿瘤标志物就成为一种临床上最为常用的生物标记,常用于对肿瘤的辅助诊断、预后判断、疗效观察和复发监测。除了目前临床上常用的前列腺特异性抗原(prostate-specific antigen,PSA)、甲胎蛋白(α-fetoprotein, AFP)和甲状腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,TG)等,随着蛋白质组学检测技术双向差异凝胶电泳(two dimension difference gel electrophoresis, 2D-DIGE),蛋白质芯片和质谱技术,稳定性同位素亲和标签(isotope-coded affinity tag,ICAT)技术、生物信息学分析技术等的不断发展,使蛋白质组会成为了寻找血中肿瘤标志物的有效途径。质谱流式细胞术中实现的单细胞质谱分析,则能在更深层次上对细胞内部的生命活动进行研究,相信随着技术手段的更新,对肿瘤的早诊,治疗和预后判断有关的血清肿瘤标志物,会愈发的精确化和多样化,这也是以后的研究热点和重点所在。

二、微小RNA(microRNA)

microRNA是真核生物中一类长度约为21-23个核苷酸的参与基因转录调控或抑制翻译的非编码小分子RNA,参与细胞分化,增殖,迁移等诸多生物学事件,在恶性肿瘤中可以观察到miRNA有表达异常的情况出现, miRNA比mRNA在外周血循环中更为稳定并可以抵抗生物降解。通过对miRNA在肿瘤表达谱中的分析发现,与正常相比,无论是造血系统肿瘤还是实体瘤,miRNA的表达都有显著差异。这些特征提示我们miRNA可做为肿瘤筛查及诊断和预后评估的生物标志物。

三、循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells,CTCs)

循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells,CTCs)作为一种可供参考的预后标志,广泛存在于多种经血液循环实现远处转移的实体性肿瘤中,少数肿瘤细胞先从原发灶脱落,随血液流动,与血管内皮黏附、穿过血管壁,定植于次级或远处器官,最终实现转移瘤生长。随着研究的逐步深入,发现准确检测CTCs不仅有助于肿瘤转移的早期诊断,而且还有助于监测治疗后的复发、患者的预后及个体化靶向治疗的疗效。

四、其他外周血肿瘤标志物

转化生长因子β(Transforming growth factor β ,TGFβ)是一种由肿瘤细胞分泌的免疫抑制性因子,抑制白细胞介素2(interleukin 2,IL-2)以及IL-2诱导的T细胞增殖,同时对B细胞的增殖分化也起到压制作用。恶变的细胞常分泌大量的TGFβ,且在多种肿瘤患者的血清中都可以检测到其浓度的上升。已有研究报道TGFβ的增多和肿瘤的进展,远处转移以及预后不良相关。

除此以外,更多的细胞因子如IL-8,IL-10,IL-12,干扰素γ(Interferon-γ,IFN-γ)等的变化在肿瘤诊断和临床治疗中意义的研究也有大量报道,而相关的药物试验也正在进行,如fresolimumab,一种可以中和活化TGFβ的单克隆抗体,已在22例晚期黑色素瘤和肾细胞癌患者中进行了I期临床试验,这些针对细胞因子治疗的措施有望在将来应用临床实践,从而大幅提高临床诊疗水平。

胰岛素样生长因子1和2(insulin-like growth factors,IGFs)在体内是由肝脏合成的一种与生长激素结合并促进人体组织如骨骼肌和骨生成的重要调节性蛋白物质。近数十年来的研究表明IGF信号系统和多种肿瘤的发生及进展有关,而相关阻断IGFs通路的治疗也在临床上显现出良好的效果。

早期已有的研究表明血清中较高的IGF1水平和前列腺癌,乳腺癌及结直肠癌的发病风险高度相关。


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    2015-12-27 忠诚向上

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    2015-03-05 happypig

    正在学习这方面东西

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