遇到“高风险”患者 医生该怎么办?

2016-01-20 徐毓才 健康界

医患关系紧张,医患纠纷频发,暴力伤医事件屡禁不止。医与患,本应是团结一致对抗病魔的同一战壕的战友,如今却变成了对手。无疑,法律、政府、媒体、医患双方都难辞其咎。扁鹊“病有六不治”识别高风险患者的学问,古已有之。我国古代名医扁鹊就有“病有六不治”之说:骄恣不论于理,一不治;轻身重财,二不治;衣食不能适,三不治;阴阳并,脏气不定,四不治;形羸不能服药,五不治;信巫不信医,六不治。这“六不治”讲的就是有

医患关系紧张,医患纠纷频发,暴力伤医事件屡禁不止。医与患,本应是团结一致对抗病魔的同一战壕的战友,如今却变成了对手。无疑,法律、政府、媒体、医患双方都难辞其咎。

扁鹊“病有六不治”

识别高风险患者的学问,古已有之。我国古代名医扁鹊就有“病有六不治”之说:骄恣不论于理,一不治;轻身重财,二不治;衣食不能适,三不治;阴阳并,脏气不定,四不治;形羸不能服药,五不治;信巫不信医,六不治。

这“六不治”讲的就是有六种人的病,医生不能去治,一是骄傲自大,肆意妄为,不相信医生且蛮不讲理的人;二是不爱惜身体健康和生命、重财,总是怀疑医生开药是为了赚钱的人;三是不注意保养顾惜,每天糟践自己身体的人;四是阴阳相排斥离析,脏腑气乱,病已到极点,无法挽救的人;五是胃气已绝,不能耐受吃药的人;六是迷信神灵巫术不相信医学科学的人。

什么是高风险患者?

一般地,高风险患者是指对其实施诊疗具有较高风险,可能发生不期望的医疗后果,容易产生医患纠纷的患者。大体分3类。

第一类是诊疗流程中风险较高,如手术、麻醉、输血及使用血液制品、肿瘤化疗、血液透析、各种有创检查或治疗等,任何接受这类诊疗的患者都是高风险患者。

第二类是指患者的情况或体质特殊,进行任何诊疗操作都有较高的风险。主要有以下几类:一是生理情况特殊,比如年龄过大(>65岁)或过小(<6岁儿童),高敏体质患者(对很多东西都过敏,如鸡蛋、花粉、海鲜等);二是病情危重或花费数额巨大,比如患者出现原因不清的昏迷,基层医院没有检查能力,初步判断患者属于急腹症很可能需要手术而基层医院没有手术能力,需要使用贵重自费药品或材料等;三是治疗过程中出现不顺且与患方沟通困难,比如已经证实发生医院感染或可能感染,出现术后并发症、经过两三天观察治疗效果不佳,患者流露出不满;四是患有慢性病或精神病,长期求医效果不显著的;五是患者死亡,包括突然死亡,家属没有任何心理准备难以接受,或者有心理准备但花费巨大,人财两空的等等。

第三类是社会经济等特殊情况催生的特殊患者,这一类往往是容易被忽视的高风险患者。一是地域背景,从近年医患纠纷、暴力伤医事件发生地看,一些经济发达、社会竞争激烈、贫富分化严重的地区,社会心态失衡,仇富心理严重,而一些在这些地方沾染“不良习气”的打工者也常常会将这些情绪带回家乡;二是特殊身份,在处理医患纠纷、医闹案件中往往可以看到干部尤其是领导干部的影子,特别是社会公认的特权阶层和行业,熟人介绍,指定医生、护士的,对医疗效果期望值过高的;三是家庭背景,有家庭矛盾或关系不和睦的;四是经济困难,包括预交住院押金不足、经常出现欠费、没有医保的;五是有“前科”的,即与其他医疗机构发生过医患纠纷的;六是涉及第三方责任的,比如打架斗殴、交通事故、工伤等;七是有社会问题经历的,比如下岗、吸毒、多次离异、刑事犯罪等,社会心理人格偏执。

怎么识别高风险患者?

一般通过患者及其家属的言谈举止、病史询问,察言观色就可以作出基本判断。

比如,患者一开始就要求医生的治疗效果达到百分之百满意,或者当面诋毁以前曾经给他治过病的医生,而恭维你的技术,你千万不要被其“糖弹”所冲昏了头脑;也要注意尽显“土豪”本色的患者,说“钱,我有的是,好药尽管用”,实际上很可能这人就是吝啬鬼,弄不好就给你一个“过度医疗”的“署名”,诋毁你的医德;也不要收受患者的红包或吃请,特别是手术前、离院前。做了“理屈”事,终究会“词穷”。

其实发现高风险患者并不难,比看病做手术要容易得多,关键是注意观察,对一切“异动”要明察秋毫,谨言慎行。

遇到高风险患者怎么办?

对于高风险患者的管理,医疗机构要设计工作流程并定期监控不断修正完善。医护人员要严格按照管理规程办事,同时建立“高风险患者报告制度”。

一般的工作流程是:患者就诊,医生首先判断是否是高风险患者,若不是,按普通患者对待;若是,根据病情,实施有针对性的沟通,履行会诊、请示报告,医院组织病情与风险评估,提出处理意见,是转诊还是不转,与患者或家属沟通,尊重其医疗决策参与和知情同意等权力,不转诊则制定风险应急方案,严密监测病情,不止一次地反复评估,实时与患者或家属沟通,医护人员谨慎小心地严格执行各项规章制度、操作规范,不能有丝毫闪失,力争患者康复出院,确保抢救无效死亡后不发生预料之中和意料之外的任何“次生灾害”。

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    2016-09-02 ylzr123

    好文,值得学习,赞!

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    2016-04-27 1deb8570m98(暂无匿称)

    写的不错

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=109325, encodeId=9cf510932556, content=好文,值得学习,赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Fri Sep 02 08:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1861989, encodeId=c36d186198966, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a374102813a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高风险#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102813, encryptionId=a374102813a1, topicName=高风险)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Wed Jan 04 12:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83100, encodeId=da188310066, content=写的不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLAnSuicvVjxWU40xW1yUh4XxLE7aJe5Pt7UZMoISBJ2SkhZUb8Qcz277dn4q9UWZbMzCqKAw5qqhSedkibbato7IKL2oq1gOpESw/0, createdBy=ae6f1716956, createdName=1deb8570m98(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Apr 27 20:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=80662, encodeId=f2628066297, content=42啥办法呢?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 14:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61194, encodeId=e8bd61194f8, content=环境啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 19:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61195, encodeId=e96a6119573, content=有什么办法呢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 19:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=58555, encodeId=846b5855569, content=避而远之, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/12/17/3872cad7a53dc9dcbd08202fb6313cf4.jpg, createdBy=2cb71609450, createdName=KO229256262, createdTime=Wed Jan 20 20:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-04-22 wei834766788

    42啥办法呢?

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=109325, encodeId=9cf510932556, content=好文,值得学习,赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Fri Sep 02 08:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1861989, encodeId=c36d186198966, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a374102813a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高风险#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102813, encryptionId=a374102813a1, topicName=高风险)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Wed Jan 04 12:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83100, encodeId=da188310066, content=写的不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLAnSuicvVjxWU40xW1yUh4XxLE7aJe5Pt7UZMoISBJ2SkhZUb8Qcz277dn4q9UWZbMzCqKAw5qqhSedkibbato7IKL2oq1gOpESw/0, createdBy=ae6f1716956, createdName=1deb8570m98(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Apr 27 20:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=80662, encodeId=f2628066297, content=42啥办法呢?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 14:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61194, encodeId=e8bd61194f8, content=环境啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 19:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61195, encodeId=e96a6119573, content=有什么办法呢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 19:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=58555, encodeId=846b5855569, content=避而远之, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/12/17/3872cad7a53dc9dcbd08202fb6313cf4.jpg, createdBy=2cb71609450, createdName=KO229256262, createdTime=Wed Jan 20 20:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-27 李继凯

    环境啊

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=109325, encodeId=9cf510932556, content=好文,值得学习,赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Fri Sep 02 08:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1861989, encodeId=c36d186198966, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a374102813a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高风险#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102813, encryptionId=a374102813a1, topicName=高风险)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Wed Jan 04 12:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83100, encodeId=da188310066, content=写的不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLAnSuicvVjxWU40xW1yUh4XxLE7aJe5Pt7UZMoISBJ2SkhZUb8Qcz277dn4q9UWZbMzCqKAw5qqhSedkibbato7IKL2oq1gOpESw/0, createdBy=ae6f1716956, createdName=1deb8570m98(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Apr 27 20:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=80662, encodeId=f2628066297, content=42啥办法呢?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 14:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61194, encodeId=e8bd61194f8, content=环境啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 19:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61195, encodeId=e96a6119573, content=有什么办法呢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 19:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=58555, encodeId=846b5855569, content=避而远之, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/12/17/3872cad7a53dc9dcbd08202fb6313cf4.jpg, createdBy=2cb71609450, createdName=KO229256262, createdTime=Wed Jan 20 20:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-27 李继凯

    有什么办法呢

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=109325, encodeId=9cf510932556, content=好文,值得学习,赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Fri Sep 02 08:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1861989, encodeId=c36d186198966, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a374102813a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高风险#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102813, encryptionId=a374102813a1, topicName=高风险)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Wed Jan 04 12:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83100, encodeId=da188310066, content=写的不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLAnSuicvVjxWU40xW1yUh4XxLE7aJe5Pt7UZMoISBJ2SkhZUb8Qcz277dn4q9UWZbMzCqKAw5qqhSedkibbato7IKL2oq1gOpESw/0, createdBy=ae6f1716956, createdName=1deb8570m98(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Apr 27 20:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=80662, encodeId=f2628066297, content=42啥办法呢?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 14:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61194, encodeId=e8bd61194f8, content=环境啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 19:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61195, encodeId=e96a6119573, content=有什么办法呢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 19:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=58555, encodeId=846b5855569, content=避而远之, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/12/17/3872cad7a53dc9dcbd08202fb6313cf4.jpg, createdBy=2cb71609450, createdName=KO229256262, createdTime=Wed Jan 20 20:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-20 KO229256262

    避而远之

    0

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