VHL综合征、结节性硬化症:影像及临床诊断要点

2022-08-27 熊猫放射 熊猫放射

结节性硬化症(TSC)

术语

  • 表现为血管母细胞瘤、透明细胞肾癌、囊腺瘤、嗜铬细胞瘤的常染色体显性遗传综合征

影像

  • 两个或多个中枢神经系统血管母细胞瘤,或者一个血管母细胞瘤伴内脏病灶或视网膜出血

  • 血管母细胞瘤大小各异,可从很小到非常大,可伴发更大的囊肿

主要鉴别诊断

  • 血行转移癌

  • 孤立的血管母细胞瘤

  • 毛细胞性星形细胞瘤

  • 十几岁或年轻成人的半球髓母细胞瘤

  • 血管神经皮肤综合征中的多发性动静脉畸形

病理

  • 血管母细胞瘤分布靠后部,是肿瘤发生在胚胎发育期的结果

临床要点

  • 表型基于嗜铬细胞瘤的存在或缺失

  • VHL最初表现为视觉症状

  • 近75%产生症状的肿瘤有伴发的囊肿、瘤周水肿

诊断纲要

  • 遵从NIH(美国国家健康研究院) 筛查标准(从11岁开始,每两年行脑脊髓增强MR、每年做腹部超声;20岁开始,每年或每隔一年做腹部CT;若听力丧失/耳鸣/眩晕行颞骨MR)

  • 伴平衡障碍、听力丧失或耳胀的VHL患者, 应查找内淋巴囊肿瘤

 

  • 彩图:VHL患者有2个血管母细胞瘤,位于脊髓的肿瘤伴发囊肿,有可能引起脊髓病,位于小脑较小的血管母可能为无症状性。

  • 矢状位T1WI +C:颅颈交界区3个血管母细胞瘤,两个源于延髓背侧,伴发小囊肿;C4水平微小强化结节伴较大囊肿,严重压迫脊髓并使之增粗。

  • 14岁VHL患者,轴位CT显示右侧岩骨内侧一破坏性肿块,内淋巴囊肿瘤,位于内淋巴囊和前庭导水管中央为此类病灶的共同特点。

  • 轴位MR增强:同一位患者,内淋巴囊肿瘤为高信号,小脑多发微小强化结节,提示血管母细胞瘤。

 

  • 42岁患者,轴位T2WI:典型的小脑半球血管母细胞瘤,有占位效应,瘤周轻度水肿。

  • 同一位患者,囊肿下侧面可见明显强化的实性结节。

结节性硬化症

术语

  • 结节性硬化症(TSC)

  • 同义词:Bourneville-Pringle综合征

  • 伴多器官错构瘤的遗传性肿瘤疾病

影像

  • 室管膜下钙化小结节(错构瘤)

  • 室管膜下巨细胞性星形细胞瘤;绝大多数位于室间孔(15%)

  • 皮质或皮质下结节(95%)

  • 白质放射状迁移线

  • 囊样白质病灶(囊状大脑变性)

  • 皮质或皮质下结节:早期T1WI高信号, 但髓鞘成熟后有变化

  • MR比CT更易看到室管膜下钙化小结节强化

  • AMT-PET可区分致癫痫性与非致癫痫性结节

主要的鉴别诊断

  • X-连锁室管膜下异位

  • 巨细胞病毒感染:脑室周围钙化、常见白质病灶、多小脑回

  • Taylor型皮质发育不良(FCD 2型

病理

  • 生发基质细胞分化/增生异常

  • TSC抑癌基因突变导致细胞分化和增生异常

诊断纲要

  • FLAIR和T1WI磁化传递成像诊断TSC最敏感

  • 室管膜下钙化小结节(<1.3cm),室管膜下巨细胞型星形细胞瘤(>1.3cm)

  • 轴位示意图:TSC脑部受累,左侧室间孔有一巨细胞型星形细胞瘤(白空箭)、室管膜下小结节(黑空箭)、放射状迁移线(黑弯箭)或皮质/皮质下结节(黑直箭)。

  • 轴位增强:室间孔处肿瘤明显均匀强化。

 

  • 轴位T1WI和磁化传递成像显示13个月TSC患者的典型表现:多发皮质/皮质下结节和白质放射状迁移线。正常白质信号被磁化传递脉冲所抑制,故而这些病灶可以清晰显示。

  • 同一患者,相应轴位T2WI显示扩张脑回下方有多个高信号的结节病灶,白质放射状迁移线显示不明显。

 

  • 一个月大的患儿,轴位T2WI显示多个低信号室管膜下小结节,起源于侧脑室壁。右侧额叶皮层增厚。70岁NF2患者,轴位增强显示后颅窝多发脑膜瘤(直箭),双侧内听道神经鞘瘤。

  • 另一患者,CT平扫显示左侧侧脑室室管膜下小结节钙化,左额叶低密度皮质下病灶。

内容节选自图书:《脑部影像诊断学》 主译:吴文平 等

整理来源:熊猫放射

 

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    2022-08-23 Eleven21
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