盘点:艾滋病近期重要研究进展汇总

2017-12-01 MedSci MedSci原创

今年的12月1日是第30个“世界艾滋病日”,本年度宣传活动主题是“共担防艾责任,共享健康权利,共建健康中国”(Right to Health)。目前全世界都在努力力争2020年实现三个“90%”(90%的感染者通过检测知道自己的感染状况,90%已经诊断的感染者接受抗病毒治疗,90%接受抗病毒治疗的感染者病毒得到抑制)。这里梅斯小编整理了近期关于艾滋病的重大研究进展与大家一同分享。【1】研究确定

今年的12月1日是第30个“世界艾滋病日”,本年度宣传活动主题是“共担防艾责任,共享健康权利,共建健康中国”(Right to Health)。目前全世界都在努力力争2020年实现三个“90%”(90%的感染者通过检测知道自己的感染状况,90%已经诊断的感染者接受抗病毒治疗,90%接受抗病毒治疗的感染者病毒得到抑制)。这里梅斯小编整理了近期关于艾滋病的重大研究进展与大家一同分享。

【1】研究确定男性感染艾滋病的又一大危险因素


来自乔治华盛顿大学梅肯研究院公共卫生学院的研究人员发布了他们的最新研究报告,报告中指出男性包皮中存在的某种细菌将艾滋病感染风险提高了63%。此次研究首次将艾滋病风险与阴茎细菌想联系,找到并确定了男性感染艾滋病毒前所未有的危险因素。此外,研究人员认为,这种风险因素可能来自于性传播。针对这项研究,科学家进行了为期两年的试验,参与者来自于乌干达的异性恋男性。研究人员利用分子生物学方法,测量了生活在包皮中的大量细菌,他们发现在四个厌氧细菌普氏菌属会将感染艾滋病毒的风险增加63%。这一发现使研究人员将男性艾滋病的预防和治疗靶向阴茎,通过减少生殖器上的厌氧细菌,降低免疫反应,从而降低艾滋病毒的感染风险。

【2】科学家找到“运送”艾滋病疫苗的最佳方式

近日,来自斯克里普斯研究所的研究人员(TSRI)和拉霍亚免疫学研究所(LJI)的科学家们找到了新的突破口,此次研究表明优化疫苗交付方式和时机的重要性。为了可靠地诱导中和抗体反应,研究人员测试多个并排三聚和免疫的变化来确定最佳策略,他们使用淋巴结细针穿刺取样,观察卵泡辅助T细胞和B细胞的成熟步骤,皮下注射疫苗和更传统的肌内路线最大的区别是间隔时间,从常见的4-6周调整为8周,这样做可靠诱导了强大的免疫反应。接着,研究人员在疫苗释放两周后接入渗透泵,达到了有史以来最高的中和抗体滴度,为疫苗的交付提供了新的可能性。

【3】确定艾滋病毒发展和传播的“根源”,全新治疗方案即将问世

美国西北医学院的一项研究发现,人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)使用名为透明甲酸精(DRFs)的蛋白质劫持健康细胞的细胞骨架,这一发现加深了了解艾滋病毒感染,以及开发潜在治疗目标的新方法。这篇论文发表在《美国国家科学院学报》上,在报告中,研究人员指出细胞骨架使细胞的结构完整,帮助促进胞内运输,细胞骨架有两个非常重要的组成部分,肌动蛋白和微管。而DRFs霸占了细胞骨架协调攻击的功能。关于DRFs对艾滋病毒发展的了解,可以帮助我们更好的了解如何调节病毒感染,找到早期预防和干预艾滋病治疗的新方法。

【4】全新艾滋病疫苗对猴子长期有效,现在进入人类临床试验

尽管目前的病毒治疗比较成功,但是找到应对艾滋病的疫苗也是相当重要的。来自德国灵长类动物研究中心的研究人员们测试了一个新的双组分疫苗,为感染猴免疫缺陷病毒(SIV)的恒河猴进行注射。猴子通过皮下注射,口服两种形式,科学家们能够证明助推器疫苗的类型可以激活免疫系统的影响。这是长期预防猴免疫缺陷病毒感染的重要因素,猴免疫缺陷病毒和人类艾滋病都是通过人体自身复制激活CD4 + T辅助细胞完成的,这是免疫防御的关键,是至关重要的。即使接种疫苗,他们的水平仍然相对较低。为了实现对免疫能力的持续保护,对抗艾滋病,艾滋病疫苗需要诱导免疫反应平衡,但是却不增加CD4 + T辅助细胞,研究结果发表于《病毒学杂志》。通过此次研究,科学家确定给药的顺序和途径也起着非常重要的作用,接下来,这项研究将在人类身上进行试验,希望可以通过试验,把成功的艾滋病疫苗引入世界。

【5】科学家首次证实HIV病毒“藏身之处”,将会消除体内艾滋病毒

在长达几十年的寻找艾滋病毒的游戏过程中,来自悉尼韦斯特米德医学研究所的科学家们首次证实了,第一次将免疫记忆中的感染性HIV隐藏在人体内的特异性免疫记忆T细胞,逃避免疫系统的检测。由悉尼大学的副教授萨拉·帕尔默(Sarah Palmer)领导的研究小组开发了一种开创性的基因测序方法,用于检测艾滋病病毒。通过这项测试,研究小组发现,基因完整的HIV病毒隐藏在CD4 + t细胞的特定单元中。

【6】研究揭示艾滋病感染者忽略的“重大”问题

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    2017-12-11 周周人

    学习

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    2017-12-03 白雪浪子

    科学家伟大

    0

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    2017-12-03 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习.了解了解

    0

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    2017-12-02 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享!

    0