预防心脏病和中风 地中海饮食效果比他汀药物更好?营养学家释疑

2016-09-12 佚名 生物谷

如果你曾经不幸患有心脏病或者有患心脏病和中风的风险,医生可能会让你服用他汀药物,比如立普妥来降低你血液中的胆固醇水平。最近意大利的一些研究表明遵循地中海饮食方式在预防心脏病和中风方面的效果可能还要好于服用他汀药物。当然这还不是一个确切的结论。如果想证明这个问题就需要进行一项试验,对大量各方面都匹配的参与者随机给予他汀药物治疗或者引导他们遵循地中海饮食,然后再进行跟踪观察比较结果。不过这样的试验不太

如果你曾经不幸患有心脏病或者有患心脏病和中风的风险,医生可能会让你服用他汀药物,比如立普妥来降低你血液中的胆固醇水平。最近意大利的一些研究表明遵循地中海饮食方式在预防心脏病和中风方面的效果可能还要好于服用他汀药物。

当然这还不是一个确切的结论。如果想证明这个问题就需要进行一项试验,对大量各方面都匹配的参与者随机给予他汀药物治疗或者引导他们遵循地中海饮食,然后再进行跟踪观察比较结果。不过这样的试验不太可能出现,对于那些存在心脏病或中风风险的人来说撤除他们的药物是不道德的。但是我也推测伦理委员会也不可能推荐每个人不要去遵循地中海饮食的健康饮食方式,毕竟许多研究已经证明地中海饮食方式确实具有保护性。

意大利研究和他汀药物

上述研究包括了超过25000名参与者,其中大约1200人曾经有心脏病,中风或血管堵塞病史。每名参与者都在研究开始之后的七年中记录他们的日常饮食,研究人员也对研究期间任何原因导致的参与者死亡进行了记录。该研究会根据参与者遵循的地中海饮食特征的多少对他们的饮食情况进行评分。结果发现评分较高的人发生早死的风险比评分较低的人低37%。研究人员在对年龄,性别,吸烟情况,运动,能量摄入,腰臀比,血压,血液胆固醇水平和糖尿病这些因素进行校正之后得出上述结果。

而他汀药物对不同心脏健康状况的有益影响也得到了大量研究。最近一项随机对照试验在21个国家的12705人中对他汀药物和安慰剂的效果进行了对比,这些参与者患心脏疾病的风险高于平均水平。

这项研究持续了超过5年时间,最后发现相比于服用安慰剂的参与者来说服用他汀药物的参与者其心脏病,中风和心脏相关死亡风险降低23%。而糖尿病和癌症发生并没有差异,但是服用他汀药物的参与者出现虚弱无力或者疼痛等症状的风险更高,接受白内障手术的人也更多。


地中海饮食

没有哪一种地中海饮食食谱,也没有哪个地中海国家能够在饮食中包含所有的健康特征。经过大量研究,科学家们对地中海饮食的健康饮食特点进行了定义。

这种饮食方式的主要基础在于食用未加工或轻微加工的食品。水果,蔬菜,豆制品,坚果,全麦,鱼,橄榄油以及伴餐的适量饮酒就有助于身体健康。而食用较多的加工肉制品,甜味食品和饮料,精制谷物和快餐食品则相反。

从上世纪60年代健康的地中海饮食方式开始得到宣传,研究人员曾发现在北欧国家心脏病死亡率是欧洲南部国家的三倍。在上世纪90年代开始了Lyon Heart Study研究。这是针对已经患有心脏病的参与者进行的一项长期研究,该研究的结果也支持了地中海饮食方式的好处。

欧洲的HALE研究得到了更加显著的结果。该研究从1988年持续到2000年,共包括了来自欧洲11国的2340名老年男性和女性。那些遵循地中海饮食方式和健康生活方式的人——不抽烟,适量饮酒和常规运动——任何原因导致死亡的风险都下降超过50%。

西班牙最近针对未患心脏病但是存在高风险的人进行了一项试验,试验结果也证实了地中海饮食方式的意义。

在7500名参与者中有三分之一遵循地中海饮食方式,饮食中需要额外加入橄榄油;还有三分之一遵循相同的基础饮食,还要额外添加树生坚果。剩下的三分之一需要遵循低脂饮食,但是由于参与者无法改变脂肪摄入,这一部分的研究最终失败。

该研究发现在基础地中海饮食中额外添加橄榄油或坚果能够为心脏健康带来许多好处。这项研究还发现饱和脂肪摄入越高,结果越差。

在对心脏的保护作用方面,地中海饮食能否胜过他汀药物可能还会持续争论下去。但是毫无疑问的是许多证据都表明地中海饮食方式适合每个人。即使对那些正在服用他汀药物的人来说,健康的地中海饮食也仍然会为他们带来额外的健康获益。

本文作者是来自澳大利亚新南威尔士大学的营养学家Rosemary Stanton。

原始出处

Both statins and a Mediterranean-stylediet can help ward off heart disease and stroke

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    2016-09-20 清河

    饮食习惯很重要

    0

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    2016-09-20 清河

    饮食会影响健康

    0

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    2016-09-14 1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称)

    学习了,赞一个!!!

    0

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    2016-09-14 1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称)

    学习了,赞一个!!!

    0

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    2016-09-13 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

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    2016-09-13 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注

    0

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