非综合征型先天性多数牙缺失母女2例

2018-03-25 佚名 实用口腔医学杂志

患儿,女,5岁3个月

病例1

【一般资料】

患儿,女,5岁3个月

【主诉】

因“缺牙及反咬合”要求治疗。

【既往史】

既往体健,无全身系统性疾病,足月出生,否认母亲怀孕期间异常疾病史、异常药物或农药接触史、X线照射史;无拔牙史及口腔治疗史,左下乳1和右下乳1近期自然脱落,继承恒牙已萌出。

【家族史】

父母否认近亲结婚;其母有多数牙先天缺失;除其母外否认家族内其他患病者。

【体格检查】

身高、体重等体格发育正常,智力正常,全身毛发、汗腺、指甲均无明显异常。口腔检查(图1):混合牙列,口内可见牙齿ⅤⅣⅣⅢⅢⅡⅡⅠⅠⅠⅠⅡⅡⅢⅢⅣⅣⅤⅤ,(Ⅴ缺失),前牙区及右侧后牙区反覆盖反覆牙合;牙体无龋坏,形态发育无明显异常,牙周无明显异常;面像检查(图1):面部左右不对称,下颌向右偏斜,侧貌凹。患儿口腔卫生保持较好,家长口腔健康意识强,自出生来于当地定期口腔检查,未有发现龋齿或外伤等致病因素,未有任何口腔治疗,故可以排除龋坏或者外伤缺失牙这一因素。



【辅助检查】

X线片检查(图2):可见恒牙(胚)只有55443321111233445,(77662256677缺失)。



病例2

【一般资料】

患儿母亲,女,30岁。

【既往史】

体健无明显异常,无异常接触史,无拔牙史,有长达20年的活动义齿修复史。全身发育正常,职业为高中老师。

【体格检查】

口内可见牙齿,上下前牙对刃接触,严重磨耗,牙冠短小变色。面像检查(图3):侧貌凹。



【辅助检查】

X线片检查(图4):77665534556677缺失,后牙区牙槽骨吸收明显。



【家族史】

经检查患儿爸爸(独子)、爷爷、奶奶、姥姥、姥爷、姨(其母唯一的妹妹)、姨夫、及表妹(姨唯一的女儿)均无缺牙史及缺牙症状。否认其他家族成员有类似病史,但往上的前辈成员无法检查确认。绘制遗传家系图如图5。

【讨论】

2.1 发病原因牙齿发育的过程受遗传和环境相互共同作用的影响,任何因素的改变都可能导致牙胚发育的失败。单纯型先天性缺牙一部分具有明确的遗传学背景,可为常染色体显性、隐性、X连锁遗传。随着遗传学和分子生物学的进展,目前已明确为单纯性先天缺牙的致病基因有PAX9、MSX1、AX1N2及EDA基因等,并有各自不同好发牙位的特征。先天性缺牙目前尚无法确定其准确原因,目前多认为是一种有遗传和环境因素参与的多基因多因素疾病。本例母女2人均患病有一定的遗传学特征,但并无家族内近四代内其余成员患病。否认接触过相似的异常药物农药等外界刺激。怀疑为某种原因导致母亲体内影响牙齿发育的某种基因发生突变,并遗传给女儿,导致母女双双都发病。这就需要进一步的基因检查进行确认,进行进一步探讨。对患儿母亲外周血进行基因检查,检测单纯性先天缺牙PAX9基因测序,结果为:阳性、检测到致病性的基因突变,为常染色体显性遗传的杂合突变,有50%的几率遗传给子代。该基因突变的解释为:PAX9c.91G>Tp.(Glu31?),该突变为无义突变,翻译产物蛋白质第31位氨基酸由谷氨酸变为终止密码子,使蛋白质翻译提前终止,认为是致病突变(2016.06.24经金域医学检验中心,分子遗传检测报告)。2.2 治疗先天性多数牙缺失的治疗可贯穿一生,早期治疗以恢复口腔功能、维持咬合高度、促进面部发育为主,后期进行不同形式的正畸治疗和义齿修复,包括活动、半活动、固定、种植义齿修复。在这个过程中可能需要儿牙科、口腔内科、颌面外科、修复科、种植科多科室之间的合作治疗,同时重视对患儿及家属的心理治疗。本例患儿已表现出明显的咬合紊乱和颌面部的错牙合畸形,拟开始进行早期矫治纠正反牙合、偏牙合,(患儿2016-06~2016-10已完成第一阶段的前方牵引治疗,解除反牙合),在发育过程中进行相应的活动矫治和固定矫治的正畸治疗,改善咬合关系,为后期义齿修复打下良好咬合基础,避免出现其母因咬合紊乱而发生的前牙严重磨耗牙冠短小缺损的情况。

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    2018-03-27 huirong
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    2018-03-26 飛歌

    学习了很有用

    0

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    2018-03-25 秀红

    学习了

    0

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