CCVS 2021|李晓强:胸腹主动脉瘤外科治疗现状与未来展望

2021-11-25 “Clinic門诊新视野”公众号 “Clinic門诊新视野”公众号 发表于威斯康星

胸腹主动脉瘤(TAAA)不如腹主动脉瘤常见,它的发病率仅占了主动脉瘤的3%~10%。与降主、腹主动脉瘤的区别在于内脏动脉重建部分。

胸腹主动脉瘤(TAAA)不如腹主动脉瘤常见,它的发病率仅占了主动脉瘤的3%~10%。与降主、腹主动脉瘤的区别在于内脏动脉重建部分。随着开放和腔内技术的成熟,TAAA的治疗有外科多种选择,均需基于解剖和自身特点。主要治疗方式包括传统开放、复合手术和全腔内修复。这些手术均涉及一些重要并发症,可能发生的主要并发症包括多器官衰竭、截瘫、心梗等。2021年11月11日,在北京举行的第四届国际血管联盟中国大会暨第十七届中国首都血管学术论坛(CCVS 2021)上,来自南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院的李晓强教授就“胸腹主动脉瘤外科治疗现状与未来展望”这一话题进行了精彩的演讲。

外科开放手术

迄今为止,TAAA外科开放手术仍是心血管外科最具挑战的手术,难度大、死亡率高。传统手术方式主要是DeBakey术式和Crawford术式:

(1)DeBakey术式,近端用人工血管做降主动脉端侧吻合,在没有阻断降主动脉的情况下内痔动脉分别吻合,远端端端吻合。该术式的优点为在不阻断内脏血管血供的情况下,分别做相应的内脏血管吻合术。

(2)Crawford改良术式,近端先做端端吻合,然后它与DeBakey术式不同的是内脏血管采用补片式吻合,把右肾动脉、肠系膜上动脉和腹腔干动脉做成一个大的补片,吻合到人工血管上面去。左肾动脉再做一个单独的吻合。远端端端吻合。该术式在做内脏血管吻合时内脏血供是阻断的,其操作相对简化,手术时间短,而且内脏动脉吻合接近原有的解剖学结构。

无论哪种术式,外科手术还是要做胸腹部联合切口,是巨创手术,术中需要单肺通气,需要阻断胸主动脉等等,所以它并发症的发生率高,包括心肺功能衰竭、肾功能衰竭、卒中以及脊髓缺血和截瘫等。早期开展外科治疗,死亡率高达10%以上,截瘫发生率高达14%,卒中率3%,需要永久透析的肾衰患者9%,呼吸系统并发症高达33%。近20年,国内外大血管外科在TAAA的外科手术方面进行了长期的不断的技术改进。到目前为止,随着手术技术的不断的成熟和围手术期护理技术的不断成熟,TAAA外科治疗的死亡率、并发症、发生率大大降低。围手术期死亡率降至5%~8.4%。永久性截瘫的发生率在4%~5%,术后透析4%~7%。

尽管手术技术越来越成熟,术后并发症发生率(脊髓缺血和肾衰)和术后死亡率高仍然是胸腹主动脉瘤开放手术明显存在的问题。如果开放手术未来没有重大的技术革新,短期内其疗效很难有本质提升,影响这种开放手术的核心因素主要与外科医生的手术技术和围手术期的管理水平密切相关。对于年龄较低的患者、低风险的患者而言,成熟的外科手术技术和术后监护、护理能给患者带来较好的长期预后。

复合手术——去分支技术

TAAA去分支技术1999年由William首次运用。该技术将开放和腔内技术结合,先搭桥重建内脏动脉,再主动脉覆膜支架植入。搭桥方式分为顺向、逆向两种。搭桥后可分期进行,内脏动脉单独重建的时间相对较短,减少了术后内脏功能的衰竭和术后截瘫的风险。

2006年的一篇文章比较了开放手术和复合手术,开放手术84例,复合手术80例。结果显示,住院死亡率和术后的截瘫率开放和复合手术没有差别,复合手术的卒率明显更低,但复合手术术后二次干预率和临时透析率高于开放手术。术后1年和5年生存率复合手术低于开放手术。另有研究表明,做开放手术有高风险的患者做复合手术同样并发症发生率高,因此该手术应根据患者全身状况和动脉瘤解剖形态进行决定。综上所述,多项均对于复合手术效果存在较大争议。

复合手术早期针对不适合于传统手术患者,其优点在于无需开胸,无须低体温手术(凝血及循环异常少),无须主动脉阻断(内脏缺血、脊髓缺血等对减少),以及失血量减少,重症监护及住院时间较传统手术缩短。缺点是需要手术及介入技术两者均较高水平,术后可能发生内脏动脉血栓形成,内漏的发生率较高(10%)。

全微创治疗技术

平行支架技术(烟囱、潜望镜、八爪鱼技术技术):技术成功率94%~100%,未成为主流治疗方式,无大宗报道,无远期效果的对照研究。优势为使用现有支架完成该,不需花费时间定制支架。缺陷在于需通过腋、锁骨下等多个上入路,增加卒中风险;支架之间内漏的发生率大;分支支架长、远期通畅率存疑。

开窗分支支架:1996年该技术首次应用,到目前为止无论技术和器械都得到了长足发展。目前的主体支架主要两种:开窗型、分支型覆膜支架。开窗支架分为定制或台上改制,两种对于开窗的精确性和对位准确都有较高要求。一体式分支支架通过调整分支的路径和长度来解决术前评估可能出现的错误或问题。美国约翰霍普金斯医院2018年发布的文献,对比了开放和腔内修复(879例腔内,398例开放),从结果和费用方面进行比较。结果显示,住院的死亡率开放明显高于腔内,严重并发症开放是腔内的2~3倍,住院费用开放明显高于腔内,主要因为其围手术期并发症的发生率较高导致。

全腔内修复技术的缺点在于现阶段设备定制时间长,在即将破裂或已破裂及有压迫症状的患者的治疗中受到限制。台上支架的改动可能要面临合规的问题。并发症的发生情况方面:由于术中为了定位需反复造影,造影剂剂量大,肾病发生率高;长段病变处理中封闭长段肋间和腰动脉使得患者可能面临截瘫风险;内漏发生率高,二次手术多;该技术对主动脉的形态、分支位置和走行、动脉钙化等都有严格要求,复杂病例可能并不适合腔内;最后费用高、缺乏远期疗效的报告。

全腔内治疗开展时间较短,但发展迅速。经文献证实,其早中期随访结果良好,死亡率、并发症发生率均优于传统开放手术。有逐渐取代开放手术,可能成为标准治疗方式的趋势。但需要关注介入技术、材料的设计,合适人群的选择,以及远期效果与患者获益的情况。

总 结

传统开放、复合、全腔内修复对于胸腹主动脉瘤均是一种选择。每种治疗方式各有一定优势和局限性,方式的选择要根据患者的具体病变以及经济情况来决定,为每一个患者制定合理治疗方案。外科开放手术创伤巨大、并发症和死亡率高,必须在经验丰富、条件非常好的大医院进行。全微创技术死亡率、并发症发生率均优于传统手术,需要长期随访的数据支持,可能部分替代开放手术,是TAAA治疗的未来发展方向。

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    2021-12-31 yese
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    2021-11-25 ms6000001028519434

    实用

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