Nat Immunol:生发中心B细胞向记忆B细胞分化机制

2016-06-24 佚名 生物谷

体液免疫依赖于记忆B细胞以及长存活期的效应B细胞(浆细胞)的发育,尽管一些记忆B细胞在生发中心形成以前,经过T-B细胞的初次互作就能够产生,但大部分记忆B细胞依赖于淋巴结的生发中心。 生发中心细胞的动态变化能够通过活体成像技术观测,目前已知生发中心是淋巴结亮区(light zone)与暗区(dark zone)之间的地带,期间充斥了迁移的B细胞。B细胞的增殖以及体细胞超突变发生在 DZ,之后这部

体液免疫依赖于记忆B细胞以及长存活期的效应B细胞(浆细胞)的发育,尽管一些记忆B细胞在生发中心形成以前,经过T-B细胞的初次互作就能够产生,但大部分记忆B细胞依赖于淋巴结的生发中心。

生发中心细胞的动态变化能够通过活体成像技术观测,目前已知生发中心是淋巴结亮区(light zone)与暗区(dark zone)之间的地带,期间充斥了迁移的B细胞。B细胞的增殖以及体细胞超突变发生在 DZ,之后这部分细胞开始向LZ迁移并脱离细胞周期。具有抗原呈递能力的滤泡树突状细胞以及Tfh细胞存在于LZ中,GC B细胞在这里表达突变后的BCR,并将其捕捉抗原内吞并呈递给相应的T细胞。之后将发生T细胞依赖性的抗原特异性B细胞训责过程。被选择的B细胞能够重新返回DZ,或者进行进一步的突变,又或者离开GC区成为记忆B细胞或浆细胞。

在B细胞生发中心反应的整个过程中有一个未得到清楚揭示的问题:到底B细胞是如何被选择出来的?一项研究指出,记忆B细胞的选择信号与浆细胞的选择信号存在明显的区别。对此,有两个模型("随机发生(stochastic)"、"教育选择(instructive)")分别能够解释记忆B细胞的发生机制。

一系列的遗传研究表明,记忆B细胞与GC B细胞的亲和组成并没有明显区别,但两者与浆细胞则存在明显的差异。这一结果表明记忆B细胞与浆细胞不同,前者可能是由GC B细胞随机产生的。

另一方面,"教育"模型则认为记忆B细胞的产生依赖于大量外界的刺激,其中包括来自TCR的信号,细胞因子、细胞相互作用产生的信号以及BCR的亲和信号。有研究表明,当T-B细胞的相互作用发生异常时,将会导致记忆B细胞的增多。例如,当小鼠的B细胞缺失IL-21受体时,将会导致记忆B细胞的增多以及GC B细胞的减少。这一B细胞亚群比例的偏移可能是由于GC B细胞接受T细胞信号的能力发生了变异。

尽管上述两个模型都有丰富的证据支持,但彼此还是存在一定的争议。

为了研究记忆B细胞产生的内在机制,来自日本大阪大学的Tomohiro Kurosaki课题组进行了深入研究,相关结果发表在最近一期的《Nature Immunology》杂志上。

首先,作者通过细菌人工染色体技术构建了特异性表达于GC B细胞中的tdTomato荧光蛋白转基因小鼠。并且通过tamoxifen诱导之后可以稳定表达,这一小鼠被称为GC B细胞"fate-mapping"小鼠。即所有在接受tamoxifen刺激之后表达荧光的细胞都是GC B细胞或来源于GC B细胞的细胞类型。通过对上述细胞进行分析,作者发现BCR亲和力较低的GC B细胞会分化为记忆B细胞。

之后,作者对亲和力不同的GC B细胞进行转录组水平的检测,结果显示,亲和力较低的GC B细胞亚群中高表达转录因子BACH2,表明BACH2的活性能够促进GC B细胞向记忆B细胞分化。

进一步,作者发现,如果将BACH2缺陷型的GC B细胞中的Blimp1同时敲除,将会恢复B细胞的异常分化行为。

接下来,作者发现GC B细胞向记忆B细胞的分化需要BACH2的活性,而这一调节过程并不依赖Blimp1的活性。

之后,作者通过流感病毒感染模型,证明流感病毒特异性的记忆B细胞的分化需要依赖BACH2的活性。而如果人为地抑制BACH2的活性,则会抑制GC B细胞向记忆B细胞分化。

原始出处

Feng Wang, Katharina Beck-García, Carina Zorzin, Wolfgang W A Schamel & Mark M Davis.Inhibition of T cell receptor signaling by cholesterol sulfate, a naturally occurring derivative of membrane cholesterol.Nat Immunol.2016

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    2016-06-27 milkshark

    的确这玩

    0

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    2016-06-27 milkshark

    发现不错

    0

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