中国发布全球首部《高危非致残性缺血性脑血管事件诊疗指南》

2016-07-06 佚名 生物谷

2016年6月24日,中国北京--中国卒中学会第二届学术年会暨天坛国际脑血管病会议2016在北京召开。在会议期间,由中国卒中学会牵头,二十二位专家共同起草的《高危非致残性缺血性脑血管事件诊疗指南》(简称:《HR-NICE诊疗指南》)正式发布。2009年,中国首先在国际上倡导了HR-NICE这一人群的分类,并得到了国际神经科领域的响应和关注。2016年,中国正式发布《HR-NICE诊疗指南》,也是全

2016年6月24日,中国北京--中国卒中学会第二届学术年会暨天坛国际脑血管病会议2016在北京召开。在会议期间,由中国卒中学会牵头,二十二位专家共同起草的《高危非致残性缺血性脑血管事件诊疗指南》(简称:《HR-NICE诊疗指南》)正式发布。2009年,中国首先在国际上倡导了HR-NICE这一人群的分类,并得到了国际神经科领域的响应和关注。2016年,中国正式发布《HR-NICE诊疗指南》,也是全球首部聚焦高危非致残性缺血性脑血管领域的诊疗指南,该指南将为规范临床实践工作提供新的标准,以大大降低中国卒中的复发率,降低致残和致死的可能性,辅助国家卒中防控工作迈向新高度。

非致残性缺血性卒中(NICE)包括短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)、轻型缺血性卒中和症状迅速缓解,未遗留残疾的缺血性脑血管事件。在中国,缺血性卒中仍然是脑血管疾病的主流,占脑血管疾病发病的72%,其中高危非致残性缺血性脑血管事件(HR-NICE)占所有脑血管事件的51.23%。《HR-NICE诊疗指南》对HR-NICE的判定提供了三种标准:

1.发病时间小于24小时的高危TIA(ABCD2≥4分)和轻型缺血性卒中

2.急性多发性脑梗死

3.颅内或颅外大动脉粥样硬化性狭窄≥50%

在中国,HR-NICE人群具有患病率高但重视率和诊断率低的特点。 "如果从NIHSS评分来判定,50%以上的脑血管病是非致残性的。根据2015年在《Neurology》杂志上刊登的一个流行病学调查结果显示,中国短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者有2,390万人,其中78%是高危人群。随着医疗水平、经济水平的提高,轻卒中患者的人群会越来越多,而大卒中患者数量会随之减少。"中国卒中学会副会长、首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院副院长王拥军教授分享说,"根据一项来自哥本哈根和雅典队列15年的研究结果显示:在欧洲,非致残性脑血管病15年内增长了20%至30%。2007年中国开展了第一次国家卒中登记,截至至2012年数据显示,中国的非致残性脑血管病患病率增加速度和欧洲差不多。然而,相对高患病率的数据,目前我国HR-NICE的被诊断率不足6%,与发达国家仍有较大差距,只有美国的六分之一。"

中国卒中学会副会长、首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院副院长
王拥军教授对指南进行解读

事实上,HR-NICE的复发率高于致残性脑血管病4倍之多,而患者在接受规范化的积极治疗后,其预后会优于其他脑血管病患者,可以正常的生活。因此,促进HR-NIC患者接受规范化诊疗,将会大幅度降低脑血管病带来的残疾和死亡,极大降低患者疾病负担,同时也将显著降低社会和家庭的经济负担。此次发布的《HR-NICE诊疗指南》不仅仅基于2013年在中国开展的CHANCE研究--第一个HR-NICE治疗的循证医学证据,同时也参考了苏格拉底研究和IRIS等研究结果,对HR-NICE患者的二级预防治疗、抗栓治疗和溶栓治疗都给出了临床指导建议:

HR-NICE的二级预防治疗

对于伴有胰岛素抵抗的非糖尿病HR-NICE患者可以根据个体化情况给予口服吡格列酮预防卒中复发,但要注意治疗带来的体重增加、水肿及骨折风险。(Ⅱa级推荐,B级证据)

对于存在CEA或CAS的治疗指征的HR-NICE患者,如果无早期再通禁忌证,应在2周内进行手术。(Ⅱa级推荐,B级证据)

具体的二级预防策略和缺血性脑血管病二级预防并无差异,详见《中国缺血性脑卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作二级预防指南2014》。

HR-NICE的抗栓治疗

对于非心源性NICE患者,建议给予口服抗血小板药物而非抗凝药物预防卒中复发及其他心血管事件的发生。(Ⅰ级推荐,A级证据)

发病在24 h内的非心源性HR-NICE患者,应尽早给予氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林治疗21 d(氯吡格雷首日负荷量300 mg),随后氯吡格雷单药治疗(75 mg/d),总疗程为90 d。(Ⅰ级推荐,A级证据)

对于伴有主动脉弓动脉粥样硬化斑块证据的NICE患者,口服抗凝药物与阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷药物治疗效果的比较尚无肯定结论。(Ⅱa级推荐,B级证据)

对伴有非瓣膜性心房颤动的HR-NICE患者,推荐使用适当剂量的华法林口服抗凝治疗,预防再发的血栓栓塞事件。华法林的目标剂量是维持INR在2.0~3.0。(Ⅰ级推荐,A级证据)

HR-NICE的溶栓治疗

鉴于既往大量随机对照研究将NICE人群排除,因此缺乏NICE人群溶栓治疗循证医学证据,但NICE患者不应被静脉溶栓治疗排除,因为上述患者可能从静脉溶栓中获益。(Ⅱa级推荐;C级证据)

发病3~4.5 h,症状持续在30 min以上者,应尽早启动溶栓评估,权衡风险与获益以判断是否行静脉溶栓治疗。(Ⅱa 级推荐;C级证据)
对于NICE人群最佳溶栓获益人群的确定,仍需大型临床研究加以证实。(Ⅱa级推荐;C级证据)

《HR-NICE诊疗指南》的发布,将会为临床实践指明方向,提高医务人员的专业知识和临床服务能力,提升我国脑卒中的诊疗水平,将最佳窗口人群的防控工作切实落实在一线。在发布会的最后,王拥军教授再次呼吁临床医生通过对指南的学习,将专业化标准化的诊疗带到实践中,惠及更多的中国患者。

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    2017-04-08 lemon985

    学习有指导意义

    0

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    2016-10-12 1e0ece0dm09(暂无匿称)

    谢谢分享学习

    0