免疫介导性疾病儿童接种疫苗的几点实用建议

2021-09-29 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

在新诊断为免疫介导性疾病的儿童中的几点建议

在新诊断为免疫介导性疾病的儿童中的几点建议:

  • 通过自然感染和疫苗史和血清学检查儿童的免疫状况。
  • 如果可能,在开始免疫抑制治疗之前,根据年龄和情况接种缺失的疫苗。
  • 对于灭活疫苗,一般需要2周的时间,在初级免疫后产生免疫反应,在加强免疫后大约需要1周。
  • 如果可能的话,1个月后确认疫苗反应,如果疫苗抗体仍然低于表中定义的保护阈值,则给予额外剂量的疫苗。
  • 对于减毒活疫苗,如果时间足够(至少4周),每隔4周注射一剂或两剂减毒活疫苗。在第一次或第二次注射后验证反应。
  • 然而,在流行病学情况良好的情况下,最好不要在活动性疾病期间接种疫苗,等疾病治疗稳定后再接种疫苗,至少使用非活动性疫苗。

在免疫抑制的儿童中中的几点建议:

  • 明确潜在疾病和/或免疫抑制治疗对疫苗免疫反应的影响。
  • 根据表,确定免疫抑制治疗将如何影响对疫苗的细胞和体液免疫反应,以及在注射非活疫苗或减毒活疫苗之前是否需要采取任何预防措施。
  • 对于灭活疫苗,允许接种所有疫苗,然而,大剂量免疫抑制可使免疫反应减弱。因此,建议尽可能在接种后1个月检查抗体反应。

如果免疫抑制仍需要减毒活疫苗中的几点建议:

  • 在免疫抑制治疗期间,减毒活疫苗通常是禁忌使用的。在某些情况下,如果个人接触某种特定疾病的风险很高,就可以考虑这些措施。
  • 如果儿童过去已经接种过疫苗抗原,但他已不再具有保护性抗体水平,可在某些条件下考虑重新接种(低剂量免疫抑制)。
  • 如果需要使用减毒活疫苗进行初级免疫,取决于计划的治疗时间和接触病原体的风险,可能会暂时中断免疫抑制治疗。在这种情况下,以下表1显示了从中断某种免疫抑制治疗到使用减毒活疫苗的最小时间间隔。然而,自身免疫性疾病恶化的风险也应考虑。

何时应该验证疫苗抗体中的几点建议:

  • 在免疫抑制的情况下,应尽可能在接种后1个月确认对初级免疫的抗体反应,因为免疫反应可能会因治疗而降低,可能需要增加剂量。
  • 预计二级免疫接种可提高保护性抗体水平,尽管其水平较健康儿童低,持续时间较短。因此,建议在接种疫苗后的短时间(几个月)和长期(几年)定期评估疫苗抗体,因为接受免疫抑制治疗的儿童可能比健康儿童更经常需要加强剂量。重新接种的时机应根据疫苗血清学来决定。这对于那些由于疫苗接种不佳而对社区获取构成重大风险的病原体(麻疹、水痘)和/或具有重大终身风险并建议定期加强接种的病原体(破伤风、肺炎球菌、乙型肝炎)尤其重要。

接受IVIG治疗的患者中的几点建议:

  • 这些治疗不被认为是免疫抑制的。然而,它们会影响免疫系统对疫苗的反应。首先,疫苗血清学不可靠。
  • 对减毒活疫苗的反应是改变的,因为Igs将抑制减毒活疫苗的复制。因此,根据IVIG剂量的不同,建议在IVIG结束和给药之间延迟3-11个月。还建议在注射减毒活疫苗之前,确认疫苗抗体(通过免疫球蛋白被动转移)已经消失。

原文出处:

Blanchard-Rohner G,Vaccination in Children With Autoimmune Disorders and Treated With Various Immunosuppressive Regimens: A Comprehensive Review and Practical Guide.Front Immunol 2021;12

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