神经学家:利用普通包装售卖高热量食物有助于对抗肥胖

2017-03-21 佚名 中国生物技术网

根据一位权威研究人员的说法,使用普通包装售卖高热量食物能够有效地防止肥胖。这位研究人员因其关于大脑奖励系统的研究获得了丰厚的神经科学奖。




根据一位权威研究人员的说法,使用普通包装售卖高热量食物能够有效地防止肥胖。这位研究人员因其关于大脑奖励系统的研究获得了丰厚的神经科学奖。

英国剑桥大学神经学教授Wolfram Schultz说,高热量食物多彩的包装以及吸引人的广告鼓励人们买得更多,这使人们置于吃得过多并导致肥胖的风险中。

Schultz在2017年“大脑奖(Brain Prize)”公布的记者会上说:“我们不应该做广告、宣传、鼓励人们吃高热量食物。应该有某种方法能够调节想要摄入更多热量的渴望。我们不需要过多热量。”

他补充说:“高热量食物的多彩包装一定会使人买得更多,一旦它们进入冰箱,每次打开冰箱你就会见到它们,那么最终你一定会把它们吃进去,从而吃得过多。”

Schultz与伦敦大学学院Gatsby计算神经科学系负责人Peter Dayan、伦敦大学学院Max Planck计算精神病学和衰老学中心负责人Ray Dolan一起分享了丹麦Lundbeck 基金会的100万欧元奖金。他们的研究阐明了大脑如何利用奖励激活学习并塑造行为。

30年前,Schultz在研究大脑中释放多巴胺这种化学信使的神经元。他发现,当以果汁的形式对动物进行奖励时,它们的神经元会变得活跃。

但是进一步的实验发现,大脑的奖励系统更加复杂。当教会动物们将特定图像与即将到来的果汁奖励联系起来时,它们的神经元会在看到图像时变得活跃,而不是在喝饮料时。如果没有饮料出现,神经元的反应会逐渐降低。

这项工作揭示出最重要的生物机制之一。动物为了生存和繁殖需要食物、饮料和性。大脑的奖励系统帮助大脑学会哪些行为和资源能满足它们的需求。Schultz说:“这是一个完美的教学信号。”

Dayan在加州的Salk研究所工作时发现,多巴胺神经元产生的信号与人工智能研究人员所说的“奖励预测误差”具有相同的意义。该信号是评估期望与实际之间差别的标准,当实际结果好于预期时信号水平更高。它形成了用于做决定的神经机制的关键部分。

Dolan利用大脑成像技术发现了人类情绪、学习和做决策的根源,预测误差信号不仅与学习奖惩机制有关,还与理解其他人的偏好有关。Dolan继续描述了快乐并不来源于生活的状况,而来源于好于预期。

他们的研究对精神障碍进行了阐述,包括帕金森症(当多巴胺神经元在各个大脑区域相继死亡时会导致该疾病)。从30岁开始,人们每十年会失去10%的多巴胺神经元。神经元损失过多不仅会导致运动问题,还会改变学习和做决策的能力。

帕金森患者需要用药提升多巴胺水平。这些药物可以帮助重建正常的运动并改善认知能力(在疾病早期)。但是一些患者会经历严重的副作用,这会导致他们成为赌徒或购物狂。关于奖励系统的研究表明,这是因为过高的多巴胺水平会加强奖励感觉。Dolan说,他知道很多人在服用多巴胺促进药物之后变成了赌徒而输得倾家荡产。

科学家们将于5月4日在哥本哈根参加获奖典礼,由丹麦王储费德列颁奖。Dayan和Dolan说,他们还没决定如何利用这笔奖金,但是Schultz说他计划利用这笔钱度个他过去无法支付的假。

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