梅奥诊所:肾小球肾炎病理分类、诊断及报告共识

2016-07-28 曾彩虹 肾脏病与透析肾移植杂志

作者:曾彩虹 南京军区南京总医院肾脏科2015 年2月20日肾脏病理学家和肾病学家在梅奥诊所召开会议,针对目前肾脏病理报告尚缺乏统一的标准化模式,疾病诊断之间的层次关系亦缺乏统一性,不利于患者的治疗、转诊和随访,也限制了肾脏疾病诊疗机构之间临床病理数据的共享和对比。提出了基于病因学和发病机制的肾小球肾炎分类标准和标准化的肾小球肾炎病理报告模式。本文仅针对肾小球肾炎(增生性病变),不包括肾小球疾病的

作者:曾彩虹 南京军区南京总医院肾脏科

2015 年2月20日肾脏病理学家和肾病学家在梅奥诊所召开会议,针对目前肾脏病理报告尚缺乏统一的标准化模式,疾病诊断之间的层次关系亦缺乏统一性,不利于患者的治疗、转诊和随访,也限制了肾脏疾病诊疗机构之间临床病理数据的共享和对比。提出了基于病因学和发病机制的肾小球肾炎分类标准和标准化的肾小球肾炎病理报告模式。本文仅针对肾小球肾炎(增生性病变),不包括肾小球疾病的其他类型,如膜性肾病、足细胞病和血栓性微血管病等。

肾小球肾炎的病理分类

肾小球肾炎是指肾小球固有细胞增殖和( 或) 白细胞浸润引起的以肾小球细胞成分增多为特征的一类疾病。根据发病机制/致病类型,肾小球肾炎分为5类: 免疫复合物相关性肾小球肾炎、寡免疫复合物性肾小球肾炎、抗肾小球基膜( GBM)肾炎、单克隆免疫球蛋白相关性肾小球肾炎和C3肾病(表 1) 。

该分类主要借助免疫荧光结果(或不太常用的免疫组化结果) 为基础,并结合光镜和电镜结果进行。



免疫复合物相关性肾小球肾炎 主要特点是免疫荧光或免疫组化见多克隆的免疫球蛋白颗粒状或团块状沉积于肾小球系膜区、毛细血管袢内皮下、上皮侧,常伴补体沉积。免疫复合物沉积的类型和部位常与病因有关。这类疾病包括 IgA肾病、过敏性紫癜性肾炎、狼疮性肾炎、纤维性肾小球肾炎、感染相关的肾小球肾炎及其他自身免疫性疾病导致的肾小球肾炎等。

寡免疫复合物性肾小球肾炎 主要特点是免疫荧光或免疫组化无免疫球蛋白或仅少量免疫球蛋白沉积。80%-90%的患者血清抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(ANCA) 阳性,称为ANCA相关性血管炎肾损害,ANCA血清学阴性者则称为ANCA阴性血管炎肾损害。根据Chapel Hill共识,ANCA相关性血管炎肾损害分为微型多血管炎、肉芽肿伴多血管炎、嗜酸性粒细胞肉芽肿伴多血 管炎。ANCA相关性血管炎肾损害的诊断应同时包括临床病理类型及相应的抗体类型 (如MPO-ANCA相关微型多血管炎) 。

抗GBM肾炎 主要特点是免疫荧光或免疫组化见免疫球蛋白(通常是IgG) 沿GBM呈线样沉积,有时伴C3沉积,偶有IgA线样沉积的报道。可通过循环中抗GBM抗体的检测进行确诊。多数活动性的抗GBM肾炎表 现为严重的坏死性和新月体性肾小球病变。≤25% 抗GBM肾炎的患者同时伴循环中ANCA 阳性。

单克隆免疫球蛋白相关性肾小球肾炎 主要特点是免疫荧光或免疫组化见单克隆免疫球蛋白在肾小球和( 或) 肾小管基膜沉积。光镜下最常见的肾小球病变是膜增生性病变,其他类型包括系膜增生性、弥漫增生性、坏死性、新月体性 和硬化性病变等。

C3 肾病 主要特点是免疫荧光或免疫组化肾小球以C3沉积为主,仅少量或不伴免疫球蛋白沉积。C3肾病与补体旁路途经调节异常有关。C3肾病光镜下肾小球病变的表现形式多样,包括系膜增生性病变、弥漫毛 细血管内增生性病变、膜增生性病变、坏死性和新月体性肾小球病变或硬化性肾小球病变等。

肾活检病理报告模式

肾活检病理报告包含以下几方面内容: 标本类型、诊断(包括主要诊断和次要诊断)、评论、临床资 料、大体描述、光镜描述、免疫荧光描述、电镜描述及其他特殊检查结果(表2) 。



肾小球肾炎主要诊断规范

主要诊断包含3-4个部分,需依次进行描述: (1)疾病名称或发病机制/致病类型( 疾病名称难以确定时);(2)肾小球病变类型;(3)肾脏病变的评分和分类(有需要时);(4)其他疾病相关的病理改变。存在两种致病机制导致的肾脏损害,可同时诊断,如ANCA相关性血管炎肾损害合并IgA肾病。

肾小球肾炎次要诊断规范

肾小球肾炎的次要诊断是指与主要诊断同时存在、但不构成主要诊断的病理改变。包括糖尿病肾病、薄基膜肾病等。当肾小球病变的病因与主要诊断相关,则应在主要诊断中一并描述,如狼疮性肾炎合并血栓性微血管病 。次要诊断还包括与主要诊断无关的肾小管间质病变或血管病变的描述,如药物导致的间质性肾炎、急性肾小管损伤、动脉粥样硬化栓塞性肾病等。如果间质炎症或急性肾小管损伤与主要诊断相关,则应在主要诊断中同时描述或在光镜报告中描述(如轻-中度炎症常与 新月体肾炎和其他重症性肾炎伴随出现),但必须明确说明肾小管间质病变的程度及其在患者临床症状发生中所起的作用。

多数情况下肾小球肾炎是主要诊断,但部分病例的非增生性肾小球病变、肾小管间质病变或血管病变也可是主要诊断,而肾小球肾炎则反而成为次要诊断;甚至当诊断具有同等重要性时,可同时具有多个主要诊断。

文章摘自《肾脏病与透析肾移植杂志》;第25卷第3期;2016年06月。

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    2016-07-30 ycmayy
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    2016-07-30 villahu
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