Nature子刊:为什么你的食欲总是很旺盛?可能是血糖在作祟!

2021-04-16 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

食物很复杂,人类也很复杂,该研究终于打开饮食与健康之间的黑匣子。

人为什么会饿?这是一个一直以来大家都十分关心的问题。从神经科学角度来说,饥饿感可能是因为特定神经元的放电频率改变,让大脑整合并产生“饥饿”的感觉。而通常我们的认识中,都认为饥饿感是缘于血液中葡萄糖浓度降低。

具体说来,人类的大脑下丘脑中存在设施中枢和饱中枢,后者是感受血液葡萄糖浓度、调饥饿及饱腹感的主要“司令部”。通常说来,当葡萄糖浓度下降的时候,一方面,饱中枢的神经元因感受到葡萄糖含量的变化,因此放电频率下降;另一方面,摄食中枢则因为“高血糖”的抑制作用减弱从而放电频率增加。上述两者共同作用,从而产生了饥饿的感觉。

此外,更有趣的是容纳我们食物的胃肠道——虽然我们每次都说的是“肚子饿了”“肚子好饱”,但实则,胃肠道受自主神经控制,它的排空与否或者说是否需要进食其实并不能被自我所感知。可想而知,人类对血糖浓度最敏感的地方或许还是我们的大脑。

然而,可能有的人会问,有时为什么明明感觉吃的挺饱的,但不久就饿了?为什么每当想要减肥的时候总是控制不住自己的食欲?这算不算说明自己的意志力不够坚定?并不是!

最近,由英国伦敦大学国王学院、利兹大学、美国哈佛医学院、麻省总医院等在内的多国的专家开展了相关的大型营养学研究PREDICT,该研究主要关注现实生活中人体对食物的反应。结果发表在最新的《自然》旗下期刊Nature Metabolism杂志上。

研究团队收集了1070人在两周内吃完标准化早餐和自由选择餐点后的血糖反应和其他健康标志物的详细数据。标准早餐以松饼为基础,其它早餐与此含有相同的热量,但在碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪和纤维素等方面的成分有所不同。参与者还进行了空腹血糖反应测试(OGTT),以衡量他们的身体对血糖的调节能力。

此外,参与者佩戴贴式连续血糖监测仪(CGM)来测量他们在整个研究期间的血糖水平,通过可穿戴设备来监测活动和睡眠。他们还使用手机应用程序记录了饥饿感、警觉性以及一天中吃饭的确切时间和食物。

结果显示,对于进食每一餐标准化膳食的参与者,相对于基线水平,餐后2-3小时的平均血糖跌幅预示着饥饿感增加(r = 0.16)、下一餐前时间提前(r = -0.14)、餐后3-4小时及24小时能量摄入增加(r = 0.19,r = 0.27)。

同时,与血糖较平稳的参与者相比,即便他们上一餐吃得一样,血糖快速下降的人饥饿感增加了9%,吃下一餐的时间提早了半小时左右。同时,这类参与者在早餐后的3-4小时内往往会多摄入了75大卡的热量,全天多摄入约312大卡。这种饮食模式更是可能会导致一年内增重20磅!

以往研究进食后的血糖,都集中在餐后头两个小时内水平的升降方式,即所谓的血糖峰值。然而,在分析数据后,PREDICT团队注意到,有些人在这个初始峰值后的2-4小时内经历了显著的 "糖分骤降",他们的血糖水平在回升之前迅速降至基线以下。

伦敦国王学院遗传流行病学教授、ZOE的科学联合创始人Kim Spector总结道:"食物很复杂,人类也很复杂,但我们的研究终于打开饮食与健康之间的黑匣子。我们很高兴能够将这一尖端科学转化为家庭营养和微生物组测试,使每个人都有机会发现他们对食物的独特反应,以最好地支持他们的新陈代谢和肠道健康。”

 

参考文献:

Wyatt, P., Berry, S.E., Finlayson, G. et al. Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals. Nat Metab (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-021-00383-x

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    2021-10-04 liye789132251
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    2021-04-19 ZJY

    I've been taught.+2

    0

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    2021-04-19 ZJY

    就是嘴馋

    0

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    2021-04-17 乙娆

    期待早日能找到合适自己的食谱

    0

拓展阅读

​Science重磅:饥饿感本身就足以延缓衰老

这项研究表明,饮食限制带来生理益处的原因并不在于营养的多寡,而是在于因食物短缺而产生的饥饿感。更简单来说就是,饥饿感本身就足以延缓衰老。

Nat Neurosci :你以为你饿了,可能只是有点孤独:科学家发现人的饥饿感和孤独感非常相似

研究者利用功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)技术分别检测了人对经历禁食和社交隔离的神经反应。结果表明,隔离后看到社交线索导致的“孤独感”,和禁食后看到食物线索导致的“饥饿感”,在大脑活动上的表现是相似的。

J Nutr:减肥的关键:低能量密度饮食!

一项新研究发现,采用低能量密度饮食的人更易有饱腹感,且平均每天能减少1000卡路里的热量摄入。大多数蔬菜水果都是低能量密度食物。它们包含更多的水分、蛋白质和纤维。相比于高能量密度饮食,低能量密度饮食的份量更大,具有减轻饥饿感的作用。

控糖治疗中,老饿咋办?

饥饿感是糖友在控糖治疗中经常遇到的一种反应。出现饥饿感时,首先应排除低血糖反应(属于相对性低血糖,血糖实际上在正常范围,并非真正的低血糖)。

PLoS Biology:轻微“饥饿感”有助于增强学习力

众所周知,在动物和人体模型中,摄入较少的热量会给健康带来许多好处,包括延年益寿和提高学习能力。然而,关于这些结果之间的联系还不清楚。

这种脑细胞能控制饥饿感,它能帮我们减肥吗?

激活这些细胞会导致暴饮暴食,相反,当这些细胞受到抑制时,食欲也会随之下降。麻省理工学院(MIT)的神经生物学家发现脑内的一种神经胶质细胞在控制食欲和进食行为中扮演着重要的角色。通过动物实验,研究人员发现激活这些细胞会导致暴饮暴食,相反,当这些细胞受到抑制时,食欲也会随之下降。研究人员表示,这些发现或许会帮助科学家开发治疗肥胖和其他食欲相关疾病的药物。大约十年以前,神经胶质细胞尚被认为是一种仅仅给神