Sci:CRISPR-Cas9灭活逆转录病毒

2017-08-11 佚名 生物通

早年毕业于北京大学的杨璐菡(Luhan Yang)曾因第一个利用CRISPR-Cas9技术修改细胞基因组和领导eGenesis公司,而被福布斯杂志评为2014年30岁以下30个科学医疗领域(30 under 30)领军人物之一。




早年毕业于北京大学的杨璐菡(Luhan Yang)曾因第一个利用CRISPR-Cas9技术修改细胞基因组和领导eGenesis公司,而被福布斯杂志评为2014年30岁以下30个科学医疗领域(30 under 30)领军人物之一。

这家公司是由杨璐菡和她在哈佛大学的博士生导师、遗传学领军人物George M. Church共同创立的致力于推动异种器官移植临床应用。从2014年起,杨璐菡做为异种器官移植课题带头人,带领10个人的科研团队在哈佛和eGenesis利用CRISPR-Cas9技术,敲除猪基因组中可能的致病基因。

去年,他们与浙江大学动物科学学院等处合作使用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术成功地在猪胚胎中灭活了62种PERVs。研究组设计gRNA靶向了猪肾细胞DNA中62个PERV序列共有的一个基因。在一小部分细胞中,CRISPR系统除去了每一个靶基因,这是当时通过单次CRISPR达到的最大数量基因改变。在实验室培养皿中这些编辑细胞用PERV感染人类肾细胞的能力下降了1000倍。《Science》发布CRISPR基因编辑重大成果

在此基础上,今年杨璐菡,Church教授同样与浙江大学动物科学学院,云南农业大学合作,发表了题为“Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9”的文章,首先证实猪细胞中的内源性逆转录病毒(PERVs)在与人类细胞共同培养时可传播给后者,此后他们通过分析猪成纤维细胞基因组内存在的PERVs,发现了25种PERVs,而且更重要的是他们利用CRISPR令所有25个基因组位点失活。

这一研究成果公布在8月11日(北京时间)的Science杂志上。

异种器官移植的PERVs问题

常用和熟知的猪器官移植给人类的是心脏瓣膜,但是想要将整个猪器官移植到人体——异种器官移植,并不是这么简单的事。除了受者免疫系统倾向于排斥异体组织所面临的常规挑战外,利用猪器官填补人器官供应和需求之间的巨大缺口还必需解决猪内源性逆转录病毒(porcine endogenous retrovirus, PERV)带来的问题。

研究人员发现,当含PERVs的细胞与其它细胞共同培养时,这些病毒会被传播给其它细胞。基因编辑技术证明或能用来移除猪基因组中的病毒基因,从而为猪至人的器官移植做准备,但是,到目前为止,这些努力只是在细胞系(而非活体动物)中成功地得到证明。

猪是一种可能的移植器官的来源,因为它们器官大小与人类比较接近,并且具有相似的生理学特征。科学家们正在努力创造出其组织不会在人体内引起免疫应答的转基因猪。

当CRISPR时代来临后,两位CRISPR基因编辑技术早期开发者,著名遗传学家、基因工程泰斗George Church教授和全球青年领袖、科学医疗领域领军人杨璐菡博士,意识到拥有指导RNA和DNA切割酶的CRISPR系统可以胜任精准的全基因组切割,非常适合用于猪器官改造。

8月10日,杨璐菡、George M. Church、Marc Güell等科学家在《Science》发表文章,利用CRISPR编辑了来自胎猪结缔组织的细胞。杨博士指出,这类细胞在进行CRISPR处理时表现得更加脆弱,一旦编辑成功,它们的正常生长也会停止,原因可能是DNA损伤驱动了细胞的自我毁灭或阻止了细胞的自我分裂。通过下调一个关键的生长抑制基因,并将细胞浸泡于促生长“化学鸡尾酒”培养基中,这种去PERV细胞在培养皿中的生长状态100%被恢复了。

来自柏林Robert Koch研究所一直从事PERV序列研究的病毒学家Joachim Denner说:“如果这是真的,那将是一个伟大的成就!尽管科学界并不知道这些基因产生的病毒粒子是否能感染人类,更不了解它们是否会引起人类疾病,但是出于安全考虑,能敲掉PERVs的话最好敲掉。另外,抛开PERVs,这项技术的成功意味着通过基因工程手段,将有可能获得不被人体免疫系统排斥的安全型替代器官。”

具体细节

为了生产活体猪,研究人员采用了标准克隆技术:将去PERV细胞的细胞核插入猪卵巢(来自中国屠宰场)中提取的卵细胞。让卵细胞发育成胚胎后植入代孕母猪子宫。
杨博士说:“在我们开展研究之前,基因编辑猪的生产方案是否可行,存在着巨大的科学不确定性。”但如今在线发表的科学论文显示,他们制造出的小猪显然是健康的,成功率大概是1%,与克隆法的成功率一致。目前为止,他们已经生产了37头健康的去PERV小猪。

这是一项科技壮举,但总有一些人热衷于制造异种移植

(xenotransplantation)恐慌。因为PERVs的实际风险并不确定,一些人居然又开始担心,额外的编辑不必要地增加了对原本就很困难的器官开发过程的复杂性。美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)坚定地支持去PERV猪的下一步人体试验。“如果有必要,在猪能被用于急需器官移植患者之前还需要一定时间,同时,相应的临床试验经费支持也需跟上,比如猪的供应。”阿拉巴马大学伯明翰分校移植免疫学家David Cooper

“此时此刻,我认为,PERV的担忧已不复存在,”马里兰大学医学院心脏移植手术医师Muhammad Mohiuddin说。他的团队正在与United Therapeutics公司合作开发植入式猪心。(他们去年报道,将猪心移植到狒狒胸腔后,心脏可继续存活多年,如今,他们正准备用基因工程猪心做替换实验)“George Church团队已经向我们展示了操作手段,一旦FDA给我们授权,我们必然采取行动。”

PERVs并非异体移植领域的唯一障碍,研究人员下一步将敲除引起人类免疫系统反应的猪基因,并插入其他防止血液毒性相互作用的基因。杨博士说,与PERV修改相比,这些兼容性问题是“第二个挑战,而且可能难度更大。”
原始出处:
Dong Niu, Hong-Jiang Wei, Lin Lin,et al.Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9.Science Pub Date : 2017-08-10 , DOI: 10.1126/science.aan4187 .






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    2018-02-21 hxj0117
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    2017-12-15 mjldent
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    2017-08-13 yuandd
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    2017-08-13 respect
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    2017-08-13 yaanren

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