J. Clin. Invest. 118(1): 133-148 (2007).
SN enhances stem cell mobilization and homing to brain. BrdU labeling and analysis by transgenic GFP-chimeric mice were used to demonstrate the homing and engraftment of intrinsic neural progenitor cells (INPCs) and BMSCs to the brain. Seven days after cerebral ischemia, in SN-treated rats (n = 6), cumulative BrdU labeling revealed a few BrdU-immunoreactive cells in the ipsilateral cortex near the infarct boundary (Figure 6, A–D) and subventricular region of ischemic hemisphere (Figure 6, E–H). BrdU-immunoreactive cells were also found around the lumen of varying calibers of blood vessels in the perivascular portion of the ischemic hemisphere (Figure 6, I–L). BrdU pulse labeling showed significantly more BrdU-immunoreactive cells in the penumbral region in SN-treated rats than saline control rats (n = 8 per group; Figure 6M). Moreover, in transgenic GFP-chimeric mice, a significant increase of GFP+ cells (showing green fluorescence) was observed in the penumbral region of SN-treated mice compared with controls (Figure 6N)
J. Clin. Invest. 118(1): 161-172 (2007)
Primary cell cultures. Schwann cells were isolated from sciatic nerves of 1-day-old Sprague Dawley rats as previously described (43, 73) and further selected from fibroblasts using anti-fibronectin antibody and rabbit complement. This method yielded Schwann cell cultures that were about 99% pure, as assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy for S100, a specific marker of Schwann cells. Primary Schwann cells were maintained in DMEM containing 10% FBS, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 21 μg/ml bovine pituitary extract, and 4 μM forskolin (complete medium) at 37°C under humidified 5.0% CO2. Schwann cell cultures were passaged no more than 4 times before conducting experiments.
j immunol. 2007 july 15 179(2): 939–949.
T cells respond to infection by becoming activated proliferating effector cells. After the expansion of a large population of effector cells, the majority of the cells die by apoptosis. Apoptosis promotes homeostasis in the T cell compartment and eliminates potentially pathogenic effector T cells. A variety of molecules have been implicated in this process, yet the overall regulation of apoptosis in effector T cells is not understood. The regulation of apoptosis in T cells has been recently reviewed
