Immunohistochemical staining of kidney sections was performed by an established protocol.³⁴ In brief, paraffin-embedded sections were stained with anti-CD3 (sc-20047, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-F4/80 (14-4801-82; eBioscience Inc., San Diego, CA), and anti-RANTES (500-P118; PeproTech Inc., Rocky Hill, NJ) antibodies using the M.O.M. immunodetection kit, according to the protocol specified by the manufacturer (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). Indirect immunofluorescence staining was performed according to the procedures described previously.³⁵ Slides were viewed with an Eclipse E600 microscope equipped with a digital camera (Nikon, Melville, NY). Nonimmune normal rabbit IgG was used to replace the primary antibody as negative control, and no staining occurred. Nuclear staining for p65 NF-κB in HKC-8 cells after various treatments was counted and calculated. CD-3, F4/80, and RANTES staining were semiquantified by a computer-aided morphometric analysis (MetaMorph; Universal Imaging Co., Downingtown, PA). Briefly, a grid containing 117 (13 × 9) sampling points was superimposed onto images of cortical high-power field (×400). The number of grid points overlying positive area (except tubular lumen and glomeruli) was counted and expressed as a percentage of all sampling points. For each kidney, 10 randomly selected, nonoverlapping fields were analyzed in a blinded manner.