Symptomatic smokers without COPD have physiological changes heralding the development of COPD

Bazzan, E; Semenzato, U; Turato, G; Biondini, D; Cubero, P; Marin-Oto, M; Forner, M; Tine, M; Casara, A; Baraldo, S; Spagnolo, P; Marin, JM; Saetta, M; Cosio, MG

Saetta, M (通讯作者),Univ Padua, Dept Cardiac Thorac Vasc Sci & Publ Hlth, Padua, Italy.

ERJ OPEN RESEARCH, 2022; 8 (2):

Abstract

Background COPD is a major health problem, mainly due to cigarette smoking. Most studies in COPD are dedicated to fully developed COPD in older subjec......

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