肿瘤合并心脏病的多角度整合防治策略

2018-01-21 夏云龙 吕海辰 医师报

当今世界,医疗科技的飞速发展使得恶性肿瘤不再是不治之症,越来越多的肿瘤患者在经过合理治疗后长期生存,很多类型的肿瘤以一种慢性病的形式长期存在。基于此,大量肿瘤幸存者死于非肿瘤原因,其中以心血管疾病尤为常见。另一方面,随着新技术、新疗法的爆发式涌现,现代医学也渐进式地呈现出了专科化、专业化发展的划分格局。

当今世界,医疗科技的飞速发展使得恶性肿瘤不再是不治之症,越来越多的肿瘤患者在经过合理治疗后长期生存,很多类型的肿瘤以一种慢性病的形式长期存在。基于此,大量肿瘤幸存者死于非肿瘤原因,其中以心血管疾病尤为常见。另一方面,随着新技术、新疗法的爆发式涌现,现代医学也渐进式地呈现出了专科化、专业化发展的划分格局。这在推动各医学学科蓬勃发展的同时,也给临床医生提出了更高的要求,不同医疗专业学者之间的密切协作成为提高医疗保健水平的重要环节。“肿瘤心脏病学”的诞生和发展,正是这种协作的经典范例。

肿瘤相关心血管病分类

作为全球疾病负担最重的两类疾病,肿瘤与心血管病具有许多共同的流行病学特征。与此同时,肿瘤可侵犯心脏、血管及其附属结构,多数化疗药物具有心血管致病性,放疗则可直接造成心脏和血管损伤。这些都使心血管事件成为威胁肿瘤患者预后的严重隐患。

再者,罹患心血管病的肿瘤患者并不鲜见,心血管病患者也越来越多地面临肿瘤的挑战。肿瘤与心血管病已经进入到“相伴相生”的新时期。

简单地说,肿瘤心脏病学研究的是肿瘤患者的心血管健康问题,现阶段的研究热点主要集中于肿瘤治疗所致心血管病。

2016年8月,欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)肿瘤治疗与心血管毒性协作组将肿瘤治疗相关心血管病划分为九大类,并基于当时的研究证据提出了若干管理建议。

★心肌功能不全与心力衰竭

★冠状动脉疾病

★心脏瓣膜病

★心律失常


血栓栓塞性疾病

★周围血管病与卒中

★肺动脉高压及心包疾病

2017年底,JACC发表了题为《肿瘤治疗的心血管并发症:诊断预防管理的最佳实践》的长篇综述,从8方面对肿瘤治疗的心血管毒性进行了再次总结。对疾病类型的再划分实则体现了肿瘤心脏病学科发展轨迹。(J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Nov 14.70:2536)

★心力衰竭

★心肌缺血


★肺动脉高压

★心包疾病

★血栓栓塞

★QT间期延长

★心律失常及放疗所致心血管病

可见,ESC声明主要借鉴于心血管研究领域的经典分类模式,其证据大多源自心血管病或肿瘤临床研究的亚组分析。而JACC提出的疾病归类则进一步参考了近两年来针对肿瘤心脏病人群的专项研究资料,其实用性与针对性较前者更强,也更符合交叉学科的诊疗逻辑。

此外,JACC综述尚较为详细地描述了不同抗肿瘤药物的潜在致病性及其分子机制,归纳了不同检查手段的临床应用价值。这些细节,与近年来不断涌现的高质量试验证据密不可分。

诊疗中心全球开花

从临床推广的角度来说,肿瘤心脏病学的发展同样令人欣喜。2016年,仅美国、加拿大、意大利等少数国家的部分医疗机构设置了独立诊疗单元;在我国,专门开立肿瘤心脏病诊疗部门的医院更屈指可数。

至2017年第三届世界肿瘤心脏病大会在伦敦召开时,开设肿瘤心脏病学临床单元的医学中心已遍布除非洲外的所有大洲,我国亦有超过30家三甲医院以不同形式开展了此工作。肿瘤心脏病学的主要任务,也逐渐从单纯的呼吁重视,向以患者为中心进行合理化临床实践过渡。

诊疗策略日趋丰富

在2016年召开的首届中国肿瘤心脏病学会议上,笔者曾提出了“重在预防,全程干预”的肿瘤患者心血管健康管理策略构想,得到了与会专家的高度认同。在2017年的世界肿瘤心脏病大会上,西方学者又提出了“多角度整合式一级预防”的肿瘤心脏病干预体系。其实,以上观点在核心内容上是高度契合的。

鉴于肿瘤患者的心血管并发症不仅会直接威胁其生命健康,更会严重影响其对于肿瘤的治疗,最终影响其生命质量和临床结局,“防患于未然”理应成为“最佳临床实践”的最重要环节。基于现有经验,笔者推荐ASPAT模式,即风险预测(risk Assessment)、疾病筛查(Screening)、合理预防(Prevention)、全程随访(All-time monitoring)和早期治疗(Treatment)等,对肿瘤患者进行心血管健康管理。目前,笔者已遵循以上ASPAT模式开展了相关工作,收获了一些经验和体会。

※风险预测

肿瘤患者的心血管风险预测应在评估经典心血管危险因素的基础上,充分考虑到肿瘤特点、治疗方案及某些心血管疾病的特定危险因素。经典心血管危险因素包括年龄、性别、已确诊的心血管病、家族史、代谢异常及不良生活习惯等。无论肿瘤存在与否,这些危险因素与心血管病的发生均关系密切。

许多肿瘤可因其特有的生物学行为或并发症增加心血管事件风险。譬如,转移性腺癌可造成循环高凝状态,使血栓栓塞性疾病的发生率明显升高。更重要的,则是抗肿瘤药物的心血管致病性,如蒽环类药物所导致的心功能受损。

此外,尚需将某些具体疾病的特定危险因素纳入考量。如在预测砷剂致室速的发生风险时,应兼顾到血电解质、甲状腺功能、合并用药及既往心律失常病史等因素的影响。

※疾病筛查

尽管大多现行指南都在反复强调病史询问与体格检查在肿瘤患者心血管病筛查中的重要作用,必要的辅助检查仍不可或缺。

从心脏结构与功能、心电活动、心肌完整性、心脏负荷等几个维度出发,推荐患者在接受潜在心血管致病性的治疗方案前,完成超声心动图、心电图、心肌肌钙蛋白(I或T)以及B型钠尿肽(或N末端B型钠尿肽前体)的检测。以确定其起始治疗前的心血管健康状态。

※合理预防与早期治疗

对肿瘤治疗相关心血管疾病的预防,则应从减少抗肿瘤方案的心血管致病性和适度的心血管保护措施两方面推进。

减少抗肿瘤方案的心血管致病性的具体措施包括:避免使用心肌毒性药物,减低化疗剂量,优化化疗方案,联用心血管减毒剂及改良放疗技术等。

限于有限的研究证据,现阶段可直接应用的心血管保护药物仍局限于β受体阻滞剂、ACEI/ARB及他汀类等。这也是本学科下一步研究的热门方向。

※全程随访

大多数肿瘤治疗相关心血管毒性表现为慢性过程,导致全程随访成为了系统性管理模式的重点。

笔者认为,基于患者主观症状和体格检查的随访是早期发现肿瘤治疗相关心血管疾病的基础。

此外,正确运用诸如左室整体纵向应变、ST-2等特异性评价指标,或可带来额外收获。而通过全程随访早期发现心血管系统的结构与功能异常,及早启动针对性的治疗措施,对改善患者预后无疑具有积极作用。

小结

值得深思的是,我国的肿瘤心脏病学起步较晚,尽管已取得了些许成绩,但还远远不够。鉴于肿瘤幸存者的庞大数量和心血管疾病发生率的逐年增加,本学科的研究内容已逐渐成为一个重要的社会问题。因此,肿瘤心脏病学的发展,除依赖于肿瘤学和心血管病学家的通力合作之外,更需要来自于社会学、伦理学、经济学者和广大患者群体的共同参与。我们期待越来越多的人加入肿瘤心脏病学的实践队伍,为解决肿瘤患者的心血管健康问题共同努力!

原始出处:Chang HM, Moudgil R, Scarabelli T, et al. Cardiovascular Complications of Cancer Therapy: Best Practices in Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management: Part 1. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Nov 14;70(20):2536-2551.

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createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTI06MUzr7AI0nTlsgpDTRvVB51yAMdGfTKe8roX48ibEeqHD1dz3UibUa9SibU24UPLcEozJiaSB67WvQ/132, createdBy=fca0106828, createdName=Ramsey, createdTime=Mon Jan 22 07:14:11 CST 2018, time=2018-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=280872, encodeId=7f1e2808e28b, content=^_^^_^, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=16, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Swp2ehfHpiciczeTntUyQOlIGMzQ705ic67sdMTVMbwTv7KbmlUvxrGvRSvQZjPkz7ib5tEDfIaORgczPtmHDpwojg/0, createdBy=c54b2163125, createdName=wqkm, createdTime=Mon Jan 22 07:04:05 CST 2018, time=2018-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=280844, encodeId=1f4c280844d2, content=好好学习天天向上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Jan 22 06:43:01 CST 2018, time=2018-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-22 邓启付

    肿瘤合并心脏病治疗原则应根据临床情况区别对待.

    0

  3. 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    2018-01-22 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

    0

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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Jan 22 06:43:01 CST 2018, time=2018-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-22 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

    0

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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Jan 22 06:43:01 CST 2018, time=2018-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-22 明月清辉

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

  6. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Jan 22 06:43:01 CST 2018, time=2018-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-22 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解了解.继续关注

    0

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    2018-01-22 小树熊

    学习了.谢谢

    0

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    2018-01-22 Ramsey

    双心治疗呗!

    0

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createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTI06MUzr7AI0nTlsgpDTRvVB51yAMdGfTKe8roX48ibEeqHD1dz3UibUa9SibU24UPLcEozJiaSB67WvQ/132, createdBy=fca0106828, createdName=Ramsey, createdTime=Mon Jan 22 07:14:11 CST 2018, time=2018-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=280872, encodeId=7f1e2808e28b, content=^_^^_^, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=16, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Swp2ehfHpiciczeTntUyQOlIGMzQ705ic67sdMTVMbwTv7KbmlUvxrGvRSvQZjPkz7ib5tEDfIaORgczPtmHDpwojg/0, createdBy=c54b2163125, createdName=wqkm, createdTime=Mon Jan 22 07:04:05 CST 2018, time=2018-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=280844, encodeId=1f4c280844d2, content=好好学习天天向上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Jan 22 06:43:01 CST 2018, time=2018-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-22 wqkm

    ^_^^_^

    0

  10. 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    2018-01-22 忠诚向上

    好好学习天天向上

    0

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