Lancet Diabetes Endo:提出五种类型而不是两种,是糖尿病量身定制治疗一大步!

2018-03-04 佚名 medicalnewstoday

患有糖尿病的成年人可以从更好的治疗中获益,如果这种情况被归类为五种类型,而不是仅仅两种。这是发表在《柳叶刀-糖尿病与内分泌学》杂志上的一项新研究的结论。

患有糖尿病的成年人可以从更好的治疗中获益,如果这种情况被归类为五种类型,而不是仅仅两种。这是发表在《柳叶刀-糖尿病与内分泌学》杂志上的一项新研究的结论。

这项研究由瑞典隆德大学糖尿病中心的Leif Groop教授和芬兰赫尔辛基分子医学研究所领导。

不包括妊娠期糖尿病,有两种主要类型:1型和2型。

在1型糖尿病中,胰腺的beta细胞被免疫系统错误地攻击和破坏,它产生胰岛素(调节血糖水平的激素)。2型糖尿病是最常见的形式,占所有病例的90% - 95%。当身体的细胞停止对胰岛素的反应,或者细胞无法产生足够数量的激素时,就会发生这种情况。在这两种情况下,血糖水平都可能变得过高,这种情况被称为高血糖症。除非被控制,否则会导致许多并发症,包括肾脏疾病、心血管疾病和神经损伤。

糖尿病的异质性

糖尿病诊断通常采用空腹血糖(FPG)测试或A1C测试。FPG测试在一个时间点评估一个人的血糖水平,而A1C测试测量的是过去3个月的平均血糖水平。在确定一个人患有哪种类型的糖尿病时,医护人员可能会在血液中寻找与糖尿病相关的自身抗体。这些蛋白质是由免疫系统产生的,可以攻击人体自身的细胞。这种自身抗体的存在是1型糖尿病的一个指标。如果一个人没有这些自身抗体,他们就被认为有2型糖尿病。

1型糖尿病:肠道是预防的关键吗?

研究人员揭示了针对肠道菌群的定位可能有助于预防1型糖尿病。但是,正如Groop教授和他的同事们所指出的,糖尿病的分类指南已经有20年没有更新,尽管越来越多的证据表明糖尿病具有高度的异质性。“糖尿病是一组慢性代谢疾病,”罗伯Sladek博士说。分享高血糖的共同特征,这意味着,在原则上,糖尿病可以通过测量一个诊断血液成分。然而,血糖升高可能是由一些遗传和后天因素引起的,这些因素降低了胰岛素的循环浓度或降低了其有效性,导致了疾病的临床表现和进展的异质性。基于其异质性的糖尿病的“精细化分类”可以帮助医疗专业人员更好地预测哪些人最有可能出现并发症,并允许更个性化的治疗方法。在他们的研究中,研究人员提出糖尿病不应该再被归类为两种类型。相反,他们说这种情况应该分为五种不同的类型。

糖尿病的五重“类型”。

研究人员通过分析四组研究对象的数据得出了他们的建议。其中包括来自瑞典和芬兰的14775名成年人,他们都是新诊断出的糖尿病患者。作为分析的一部分,科学家们研究了每一主题的六项指标,每一项都代表了糖尿病的不同特征。这些措施包括:身体质量指数(BMI);年龄在糖尿病诊断;糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C),一种长期血糖控制指标;β细胞功能;胰岛素抵抗;以及与糖尿病相关的自身抗体的存在。除了对参与者进行基因分析,研究人员还比较了他们的疾病进展、并发症和治疗。该研究揭示了五种不同形式的糖尿病,其中三种是严重的,两种是轻微的。研究小组将其分类如下:

第一组:严重的自身免疫性糖尿病(目前称为1型糖尿病),其特点是胰岛素缺乏和自身抗体的存在。这是在6 - 15%的受试者中发现的。

第二组:严重胰岛素不足型糖尿病,其特点是年龄小,胰岛素缺乏,代谢控制不良,但没有自身抗体。这是在9 - 20%的受试者中发现的。

第三组:严重胰岛素抵抗型糖尿病,其特点是胰岛素抵抗严重,患肾病的风险显著增高。这是在11 - 17%的受试者中发现的。

第四组:轻度肥胖相关糖尿病,最常见的肥胖人群。这影响了18 - 23%的受试者。

第五组:轻度与年龄相关的糖尿病,在老年人中最为常见。这是最常见的形式,影响了39 - 47%的受试者。

研究人员注意到,这五种基因中的每一种都有“基因差异”,也就是说,这五种基因中并没有基因突变。

迈向精准医疗的一步

当研究人员评估每一个成年人所接受的治疗时,他们注意到有些人受到了不适当的治疗。作为一个例子,该团队指出,在第二组的患者中,只有42%的患者在发病时接受了胰岛素治疗。他们说,这表明目前的糖尿病分类没有针对该疾病的潜在特征。因此,Groop教授和他的同事建议将糖尿病分为五种不同的类型。尽管还需要进一步的研究来完善这5个类型,例如使用生物标记和遗传风险评分,团队认为这项研究是为糖尿病量身定制治疗的一大步。

“现有的治疗指南,”Groop教授总结说,“由于它们在发展过程中对代谢控制的不良反应,但没有办法预测哪些患者需要加强治疗。这项研究将我们推向一个更有临床意义的诊断,并且是治疗糖尿病精准医疗的重要一步。”

原始出处:

Rob Sladek. The many faces of diabetes: addressing heterogeneity of a complex disease. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 01 March 2018

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    2018-03-07 oo3sbrave_32914303

    学习学习

    0

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    2018-03-05 owlhealth

    不错耶.学习了

    0

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    2018-03-04 有备才能无患

    患有糖尿病的成年人可以从更好的治疗中获益.如果这种情况被归类为五种类型.而不是仅仅两种.这是发表在<柳叶刀-糖尿病与内分泌学>杂志上的一项新研究的结论.

    0

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    2018-03-04 秀红

    学习了

    0

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    2018-03-04 131****2916

    不错的文章值得推荐

    0

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“年年岁岁花相似,岁岁年年人不同”,近年来随着经济的迅猛发展,人们的生活水平得到了显著改善。在人们尽情享受美好生活的同时,殊不知许多疾病也在慢慢的向我们逼近,尤其是糖尿病,发病率不断攀升。