Science:免疫疗法+微生物疗法加强免疫系统识别和攻击癌细胞

2020-08-18 竹子 转化医学网

导言:肿瘤的免疫疗法被认为是抗癌的第三大革命。尽管免疫疗法在治疗肿瘤上有重要突破,但肿瘤致病机理、患者个体的差异性和环境因素等都会影响最终治疗效果。而越来越多的证据表明,肠道微生物生态也是影响癌症免疫

导言:肿瘤的免疫疗法被认为是抗癌的第三大革命。尽管免疫疗法在治疗肿瘤上有重要突破,但肿瘤致病机理、患者个体的差异性和环境因素等都会影响最终治疗效果。而越来越多的证据表明,肠道微生物生态也是影响癌症免疫治疗效果的重要因素之一。

几种肠道细菌与检查点阻断免疫疗法的功效增强相关,但微生物组增强抗肿瘤免疫力的潜在机制尚不清楚。科学家们提出疑问:哪种肠道细菌可以帮助人体免疫系统抵抗癌性肿瘤,以及如何做到这一点;另外,为什么在某些情况下有效的免疫疗法是一种能增强人体免疫反应的癌症疗法,而在另一些情况下却无效。

加拿大卡尔加里大学卡明医学院(CSM)的斯奈德慢性病研究所的研究人员发表了一项新研究,他们分离了三种细菌物种,包括假双歧杆菌、约氏乳杆菌和奥尔森氏菌,它们在四种小鼠癌症模型中显着增强了免疫检查点抑制剂的功效。这项新研究确定了一种新的微生物代谢物-免疫途径,该途径可以通过免疫疗法激活,可以用于开发基于微生物的辅助疗法。这项发现发表在《科学》杂志上,表明免疫疗法与特定的微生物疗法相结合可以增强免疫系统识别和攻击某些黑色素瘤、膀胱癌和结直肠癌细胞的能力。

凯西·麦考伊(Kathy McCoy)博士是人体与微生物组关系方面的权威专家。她和她的团队专注于利用微生物群的力量来改善健康状况和治疗疾病。麦考伊说,为了驾驭和指导这种动力,科学家需要更好地了解细菌在调节免疫系统中的作用。

这项研究提供了强有力的证据,证明肠道菌群可以积极影响抗肿瘤免疫力并提高免疫疗法在治疗某些癌症中的有效性,但是这些细菌如何做到这一点仍然难以捉摸。通过展示某些细菌如何增强T细胞(人体攻击并摧毁癌细胞的免疫力“战士”),研究人员得以在此基础上继续研究的能力来继续这项工作。

首先,研究人员确定了用免疫疗法治疗与大肠癌肿瘤相关的细菌。然后,他们在无菌小鼠实验中,将这些特定细菌与免疫检查点阻断(一种癌症免疫疗法)一起引入。研究表明,特定细菌对于免疫疗法的作用至关重要,肿瘤急剧缩小。对于那些没有接受有益细菌的受试者,免疫疗法无效。

研究发现,这些细菌会产生了一种叫肌苷的小分子,肌苷与T细胞直接相互作用,并结合免疫疗法,提高了这种治疗的有效性,在某些情况下破坏了所有结直肠癌细胞。

研究人员随后证实了膀胱癌和黑色素瘤的研究结果。这项工作的下一步将是研究在人类身上的发现。与小鼠肿瘤相关的三种有益细菌也已在人类癌症中发现。

确定微生物如何改善免疫疗法对于设计具有抗癌特性的疗法至关重要,其中可能包括微生物。微生物组是每天生活在人体内部和周围的数十亿细菌的惊人集合。研究人员处于充分了解如何利用这一新知识来提高抗癌疗法的有效性和安全性,以及提高癌症患者生存率和幸福感的早期阶段。

原始出处:

Lukas F. Mager, Regula Burkhard, Nicola Pett, et.al. Microbiome-derived inosine modulates response to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Science 13 Aug 2020: eabc3421

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    2020-08-20 yxch36
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    2020-08-20 jichang
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