腹痛反酸无特异性消化道症状 此病易误诊和漏诊

2018-11-12 冯起校 黄汉伟 专科医师培训指南---内科病例讨论

男性患者,25岁,因“口干、多饮、多尿”入院治疗。2天前无明显诱因出现纳差、上腹痛,伴反酸、嗳气、恶心、呕吐,逐渐出现全身乏力、胸闷、气促、双下肢麻木,伴咳嗽、咳痰,口干、多饮、多尿加重。既往有“慢性胃炎”病史10 余年。有“鼻中隔偏曲”病史,未行手术治疗。有嗜烟、酒史5年。患者所患何病?

男性患者,25岁,因“口干、多饮、多尿”入院治疗。2天前无明显诱因出现纳差、上腹痛,伴反酸、嗳气、恶心、呕吐,逐渐出现全身乏力、胸闷、气促、双下肢麻木,伴咳嗽、咳痰,口干、多饮、多尿加重。既往有“慢性炎”病史10 余年。有“鼻中隔偏曲”病史,未行手术治疗。有嗜烟、酒史5年。患者所患何病?

一、病历摘要

患者男性,25岁,因“口干、多饮、多尿2年,纳差、上腹痛2天”于2009年2月13日入院。

现病史:2年前出现口干、多饮、多尿,在我院确诊为“1 型糖尿病”;患者曾多次在我院住院治疗,诊断为“1 型糖尿病并酮症酸中毒、糖尿病周围神经病变”;出院后坚持皮下注射胰岛素控制血糖,血糖监测不详。2天前无明显诱因出现纳差、上腹痛,伴反酸、嗳气、恶心、呕吐,逐渐出现全身乏力、胸闷、气促、双下肢麻木,伴咳嗽、咳痰,口干、多饮、多尿加重;无发热、畏寒,无头晕、头痛,无尿频、尿急、尿痛。本次发病以来,患者精神、纳差,小便色黄,大便正常。

既往史:有“慢性胃炎”病史10 余年,主要表现为上腹部有烧灼样疼痛,无放射到其他部位,无恶心、呕吐、黑便、黄疸、厌油及乏力等不适,初始发作时间间隔较长;2年前开始发作时间间隔减短,伴反酸、嗳气,轻度活动后胸闷、心悸等不适,曾来我院行胃镜检查(结果示“慢性胃炎”)后未做处理。有“鼻中隔偏曲”病史,未行手术治疗。

个人史:有嗜烟、酒史5年。

入院查体:体温36.5℃,脉搏90次/分,呼吸22次/分,血压130/100mmHg。神志清醒,轻度脱水貌,呼气无酮味。心、肺听诊无异常。腹平软,剑突下轻压痛,无反跳痛,肝脾肋下未及,肠鸣音正常。双下肢无水肿。

辅助检查

入院当天门诊查:血糖(随机):19.0mmol/L。血清酮体(+++)。

2009‐2‐13 血清酮体(++)。生化示:Na+134mmol/L,CO 2 17mmol/L,GLU 14mmol/L。

2009‐2‐15 复查血清酮体(-)。复查生化:血总二氧化碳19mmol/L,GLU 22﹒4mmol/L。空腹血糖15.8mmol/L。尿常规示:尿糖(++++),尿酮体(+)。14 C 呼气试验阳性。

2009‐3‐3 上消化道钡餐示:①胃炎,胃动力减弱;②拟肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征(轻度)。

2009‐3‐6 腹主动脉及肠系膜上动脉彩超未见明显异常。中上腹部+盆腔CT 平扫未见明显异常。

其余血常规、大便常规、肝功能、蛋白、血脂、肌钙蛋白Ⅰ、心电图、腹部B 超等检查未见明显异常。

治疗经过:住院期间反复出现恶心、呕吐、胸闷、心悸、上腹痛,进食后加重,无呕血、解黑便等不适。

二、病例讨论记录

蔡雪主治医师:汇报病史(略)。提出讨论问题:①该患者目前诊断考虑为什么?腹痛的病因是什么?应该与何种疾病相鉴别?②还需完善哪些检查以进一步明确诊断?③下一步治疗方案?

袁国奇副主任医师(影像科)阅片后指出:肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征患者钡餐表现主要为十二指肠水平部“刀切征”,俯卧位时钡剂顺利通过,但此患者的钡餐照片不明显,需动态观察;同时,肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征患者动脉造影一般为肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉夹角小,但此患者的夹角近乎90°。因此本例诊断为肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征的支持点不多,建议必要时复查钡餐。

王建军副主任医师:①目前诊断考虑为:1 型糖尿病并酮症酸中毒、糖尿病周围神经病变;慢性胃炎;肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征待排除。②患者1 型糖尿病方面,血糖控制较理想,酮症已纠正,但存在慢性并发症,如周围神经病变,主要表现为胸痛、下肢疼痛,同时亦表现在胃肠神经方面,如胃轻瘫,上消化道钡餐提示胃动力减弱。③患者腹痛为明显症状,但腹痛原因暂不明,考虑为十二指肠壅积症、肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征、慢性胃炎所致的可能;本例患者应存在十二指肠壅积症,但原因不明。根据放射科意见,建议行钡餐复查观察钡剂排空情况,明确或排除肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征诊断;另外,要注意排除慢性胰腺炎、胃食管反流症等,可行血尿淀粉酶、胃镜等检查;同时要注意排除有无全身性疾病引起的腹痛,如卟啉病、铅中毒,可行尿卟啉代谢、血及尿铅测定等检查以排除。④治疗上,建议积极控制血糖,同时予营养神经、改善循环、抗幽门螺杆菌、制酸、护胃及加强营养支持等治疗;餐后采取左侧卧位或俯卧位。⑤若患者腹痛、呕吐明显,可考虑禁食或者胃肠减压处理。⑥暂不主张行手术治疗。

关权煊副主任医师:目前腹痛原因尚不明确,在排除器质性病变基础上可考虑为糖尿病神经病变所致胃轻瘫、十二指肠壅积症。建议复查钡餐、胃镜。治疗上建议控制血糖,保护靶器官,同时积极制酸、护胃治疗,继续采取餐后左侧卧位或俯卧位。必要时再请外科会诊,协助诊治。

三、后记

本例后复查钡餐造影检查时发现十二指肠水平部的压迹呈刀切状及笔杆征,十二指肠近侧端有肠管扩张,钡剂停留时间长,改变体位(俯卧或膝胸卧位)可见钡剂向下流动,淤滞状态缓解;X 线透视下受阻近端十二指肠有不同程度的扩张和逆蠕动波出现,据此诊断“肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征”明确。

十二指肠、肠系膜上动脉和腹主动脉三者的解剖特点与本病的发生有密切的关系。在正常情况下十二指肠位于腹主动脉及其向前的分支——肠系膜上动脉的夹角之中,十二指肠的前方为斜行的肠系膜上动脉,其后为腹腔动脉和脊柱,通过血管造影正常人夹角为47°~60°,当肠系膜过长过短,内脏下垂,脊柱前倾以及肠系膜上动脉本身的变异等均可造成。肠系膜向下牵拉,使夹角变小,常<6°~25°而压迫十二指肠的水平部,形成肠管的狭窄,而出现十二指肠梗阻症状。肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征临床上可引起十二指肠淤滞症。好发于体质瘦弱的中青年女性。本病临床表现缺乏特异性,确诊需配合上消化道造影、腹部血管彩色超声或薄层CT 等项检查。钡餐造影检查时若发现十二指肠水平部的压迹呈刀切状及笔杆征,十二指肠近侧端有肠管扩张,钡剂停留时间长,改变体位(俯卧或膝胸卧位)可见钡剂向下流动,淤滞状态缓解;X 线透视下受阻近端十二指肠有不同程度的扩张和逆蠕动波出现,钡剂反流,形成钟摆样运动等,应考虑本病的可能。若配合腹部血管彩超或薄层CT等项检查,可明显提高诊断率。应注意鉴别十二指肠外的囊肿等压迫所造成的十二指肠水平段梗阻,此时上消化道造影多表现为狭窄,少出现“刀切征”,必要时经内镜、逆行胰胆管造影、超声内镜等进一步明确病变。近年来腹腔薄层CT 及血管显像的应用为本病的诊断及鉴别诊断提供了更先进的手段。

国内文献中钱氏报道了77例肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征患者,平均发病年龄为23.9岁。国外Hutchinson 等报道其治愈率为100%,多采用内科保守治疗,无效者可考虑外科手术。本例经内科针灸等保守治疗后痊愈。

本病因缺乏特异性消化道症状,易造成误诊和漏诊。临床上遇到慢性不典型消化道症状的患者,应想到本病的可能,需进一步进行必要的辅助检查,以提高对本病的诊断率。

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    学习了

    0

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    2018-11-16 青山颖钰

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