郎景和院士谈内镜手术五大认识误区

2015-11-24 佚名 医师报

郎景和院士说:“当妇产科内镜技术发展到一定程度时,我们必须冷静地看待妇产科内镜技术的利与弊,在推广和普及妇产科内镜技术的过程中,我们必须要避免一些误区或者误解。一个好的医生,应该综合运用妇产科内镜手术、开腹手术、经阴道等自然腔道的手术等不同的诊治方式,扬长避短。”误区1、微创手术=内镜手术微创是一种观念,一种原则,而不是特指某种技术。所谓微创系指以最小的创伤,使患者获得最大的受益。具体而言即为创伤

郎景和院士说:“当妇产科内镜技术发展到一定程度时,我们必须冷静地看待妇产科内镜技术的利与弊,在推广和普及妇产科内镜技术的过程中,我们必须要避免一些误区或者误解。一个好的医生,应该综合运用妇产科内镜手术、开腹手术、经阴道等自然腔道的手术等不同的诊治方式,扬长避短。”



误区1、微创手术=内镜手术

微创是一种观念,一种原则,而不是特指某种技术。

所谓微创系指以最小的创伤,使患者获得最大的受益。具体而言即为创伤小、出血少、费用低、时间短、痛苦小、恢复快等。这是外科的基本观念,是手术恪守的原则。任何手术途径、手术方式以及手术的全过程都应遵循这一观念和原则,并贯彻于手术的每个细节和过程中。每种术式的选择或适应证都是相对的、有条件的,而不是绝对的、无条件的。从这一观念而论,内镜手术、阴式手术更符合微创,也即内镜手术可以认为是微创手术,但反等式称微创手术即等于内镜手术则不成立。

误区2、内镜手术=一切手术

任何的适应证和禁忌证都是相对的,不是绝对的。

郎景和院士说,任何手术都有一定禁忌证和适应证,具体的手术方式取决于疾病、治疗方法、患者个体情况和医院条件等多方面因素。虽然微创技术有其突出的优点,但不能要求一切手术都通过微创技术来解决。

误区3、内镜手术=最好的手术

各种技术均有其长短处,应取长补短、相辅相成。

内镜手术有其明显的优越性,甚至独特的优点,以及美学特征。阴式手术也是借助自然腔道的内镜手术,有其天然的合理性。现今,我们已经有理由说,明显展示腹腔镜优越性的手术有妇科急腹症(包括异位妊娠、黄体破裂、卵巢囊肿扭转和破裂等)、附件良性肿瘤和疾病、子宫内膜异位症等;可以选择的腹腔镜手术有子宫切除术、子宫肌瘤或腺肌病病灶剔除术等。

但是,各种手术方式和技术都各有所长、各有所短,应取长补短,相辅相成。实际上也是没有最好,只有更好;对患者最安全、最有效的手术,就是更好的手术。

误区4、微创手术=最安全的手术

微创也可变巨创,技术的发展、术者的成长都有时间表。

人们往往认为微创手术相对于开放手术而言是最安全的。然而,郎景和院士指出,微创手术以创伤小、出血少、对机体的干扰小和恢复快等为其特征,但可能并发的问题依然存在。内镜手术暴露视野有局限性(镜头的角度、视野面及二维空间),潜在损伤的危险性增加;除了器械的损伤,还可能发生工作时能量带来的损伤,如电灼、电切伤等。气腹引起的气栓、皮下气肿、疝等;膨宫液造成的体液负荷,甚至经尿道内窥镜手术综合征等。阴式手术空间狭小、术野有限、照明不便、暴露困难、易于损伤。可见微创之路,也是危险之途!

实际上,一项技术的发展、一个术者的成长所遭遇的问题都有一个“时间表”:初始阶段,腹腔镜手术发生的多为“低级性”问题,如充气失败、穿刺损伤等;继而会有一个较成熟、稳定的“平台期”;而在技术熟练之后,随着手术难度的加大,迎来的是较为严重的挑战,多发生“高级性”问题,如脏器损伤、大出血等。所以,无论年轻医师,抑或比较有经验的医师,甚至内镜技术专家,都有可能遭遇不同的危险。微创可能变为巨创!并发症的防治不可忽视。

误区5、内镜技术专家=只做内镜手术

灵活应用技术、形成特长,一专多能才是最好的专家。

掌握微创手术是必备技能,要经历较长的学习和训练过程。开腹手术是基础(包括解剖、原则和技巧),内镜手术与阴式手术有其特殊性(包括技术路线、操作方法和器械使用等),还有各种能源器械和仪器的掌握,适应证的选择、禁忌证的斟酌以及特殊并发问题的防治及结果评价的循证等问题。这一切形成了内镜手术医师成长的两大问题。

一是强调技术培训,二是严格操作规范。内镜专家应是多面手,应与妇科肿瘤、生殖内分泌等亚学科专家密切合作,或者他们本身也是这些领域的行家里手。专家是掌握和应用技术的思想者,一个成熟的医师应该灵活地应用各种技术,又善于形成自己的特长。

郎景和院士总结

★ 微创手术的术式难以界定,是相对的、有条件的,包括腹腔镜手术、经阴道手术、开腹手术。

★ 微创的观念与原则适应各类手术,贯穿手术全过程;阴道手术、内镜手术更符合微创,各类妇科微创手术范畴也正逐渐形成;开腹、经阴道、内镜手术不可能以偏代全,三者应扬长避短、相辅相成。

★ 腹腔镜手术作为微创手术,受到医生和病人的青睐,技术日臻完善,应用前景广阔,但不可能完全取代传统的经腹和经阴道手术。

★ 医生应掌握各种手术方式,也应善于形成自己的特长。

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