警惕左氧氟沙星注射剂的严重不良反应 !

2016-07-18 佚名 国家药品不良反应监测中心

导语:警惕左氧氟沙星注射剂的严重不良反应 ! 左氧氟沙星是氧氟沙星的左旋体,属第三代喹诺酮类药物。其主要作用机制为抑制细菌DNA旋转酶的活性,阻碍细菌DNA的复制。本品具有抗菌谱广,抗菌作用强的特点,对革兰氏阴性菌具有较强的抗菌活性,对革兰氏阳性菌和军团菌、支原体、衣原体有良好的抗菌作用,但对厌氧菌和肠球菌的作用较差。2012年,国家药品不良反应监测数据库共收到左氧氟沙星注射剂严重不

导语:警惕左氧氟沙星注射剂的严重不良反应 ! 

左氧氟沙星是氧氟沙星的左旋体,属第三代喹诺酮类药物。其主要作用机制为抑制细菌DNA旋转酶的活性,阻碍细菌DNA的复制。本品具有抗菌谱广,抗菌作用强的特点,对革兰氏阴性菌具有较强的抗菌活性,对革兰氏阳性菌和军团菌、支原体、衣原体有良好的抗菌作用,但对厌氧菌和肠球菌的作用较差。

2012年,国家药品不良反应监测数据库共收到左氧氟沙星注射剂严重不良反应/事件病例报告1431例。严重不良反应/事件累及系统排名前三位的依次为:全身性损害、皮肤及其附件损害、呼吸系统损害,三者合计占总例次的60.24%。

一、严重病例的临床表现

左氧氟沙星注射剂严重不良反应/事件居前3位的不良反应表现依次为:过敏性休克(198例次,7.94%)、呼吸困难(197例次,7.90%)和过敏样反应(171例次,6.85%)。

【典型病例】

患者,女,40岁,55公斤,因“泌尿系统感染”就诊,给予盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液0.3克静脉滴注,约10分钟后,患者出现皮肤瘙痒、全身皮肤湿冷、心慌、胸闷、测血压90/50 mmHg,心率为55次/分钟,考虑为过敏性休克。给予肾上腺素0.5 mg 肌注、地塞米松10 mg静注等抗休克治疗。约10分钟后患者上述症状缓解,测血压120/75 mmHg、心率85次/分钟,观察治疗两小时后出院。

二、不合理用药问题

国家药品不良反应监测数据库分析显示:该产品存在临床不合理使用现象,而不合理用药增加了用药风险。不合理用药主要表现为:

1. 超适用人群给药

左氧氟沙星注射剂说明书中明确提示18岁以下患者禁用,《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》喹诺酮类抗菌药物注意事项中提示“18岁以下未成年患者避免使用本类药物。”但国家药品不良反应监测数据库中,仍有18岁以下患者使用了左氧氟沙星注射剂的病例报告。

【典型病例】

患者,男,12岁,因“腹泻”入院,给予静脉滴注盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液0.2g(100ml)。用药10分钟后患儿即出现发音困难、呼吸困难等症状,立即停药,并给予肌注马来酸氯苯那敏注射液4mg,雾化吸入肾上腺素等措施,20分钟后症状逐渐缓解,40分钟后症状消失。

2.存在相互作用的不合理用药

左氧氟沙星注射剂说明书提示左氧氟沙星应避免与茶碱同时使用,如确需同时应用,应监测茶碱的血药浓度以调整其剂量。但国家药品不良反应监测数据库中,有3例与茶碱类注射剂合用的病例报告,并且未监测血药浓度、调整剂量。

【典型病例】

患者,男,80岁。因“慢性阻塞性肺病、Ⅱ型糖尿病高血压、慢性肾功能不全、结肠癌术后”入院。查体:T:36.9℃,BP:140/90mmHg,P:110次/分,R:27次/分,口唇紫绀,双肺呼吸音粗,可及干湿罗音。入院后予氨溴索、左氧氟沙星、奥美拉唑、多索茶碱等治疗。用药第2天在静脉滴注0.5%左氧氟沙星注射液100ml时,患者出现胸闷,咳嗽、气促加剧,查体:两肺呼吸音粗,可闻及哮鸣音。即停用该组液体,予地塞米松注射液5mg 静推,约10分钟后缓解。

左氧氟沙星注射剂说明书提示左氧氟沙星注射剂不宜与其他药物同瓶混合静脉滴注,或在同一根静脉输液管内进行静脉滴注。但国家药品不良反应监测数据库中有左氧氟沙星注射剂与其他药物同瓶混合静脉滴注的病例报告。

【典型病例】

患者,女,46岁,患者因“腹泻2次伴轻度头痛”就诊,诊断为“胃肠炎”。给予静脉滴注0.9%氯化钠+盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液0.2g+山茛菪碱注射液 7mg治疗,结束后1小时左右患者全身皮肤瘙痒,并出现风团样皮疹,恶心、呕吐胃内容物2次,胸闷、心悸,继而神志不清、口唇及四肢末端发绀、出汗,血压不升,诊断为过敏性休克,收入院给予抗过敏治疗后好转。

3、禁忌症用药

左氧氟沙星注射剂说明书【禁忌】中明确指出对喹诺酮类药物过敏者禁用,但国家药品不良反应监测数据库中,有喹诺酮类药物过敏患者使用了左氧氟沙星注射剂的病例报告。

【典型病例】

患者,女,55岁,既往有左氧氟沙星过敏史。因 “混合痔”入院,给予静脉滴注氯化钠注射液250ml+左氧氟沙星注射液0.4g,约10分钟(滴入约30ml)后,患者自觉发冷,心电监护仪显示:体温37.5度,血压86/54mmHg,心率64次/分,立即停药,换用复方氯化钠注射液快速滴入,约10分钟后,发冷消失,血压恢复正常。

4、不符合特殊病理、生理状况下用药原则

《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》指出:喹诺酮类抗菌药偶可引起抽搐、癫痫等严重中枢神经系统不良反应,在肾功能减退或有中枢神经系统基础疾病的患者中易发生,因此本类药物不宜用于有癫痫或其他中枢神经系统基础疾病的患者。但国家药品不良反应监测数据库中,有癫痫病史患者使用了左氧氟沙星注射剂的病例报告。

【典型病例】

患者,女,68岁,既往有癫痫病史,长期服用德巴金缓释片,近10个月无发作。此次因“肺部感染”给予左氧氟沙星注射液0.5g,静脉滴注,Qd,第5天晚上癫痫发作,持续5-6个小时,送至医院抢救后脱险。

5、超适应症用药

左氧氟沙星注射剂说明书【适应症】中明确说明本品适用于敏感细菌所引起的中、重度感染;《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》也指出:通常不宜常规预防性应用抗菌药物的情况:普通感冒、麻疹、水痘等病毒性疾病。但国家药品不良反应监测数据库中有非细菌感染患者使用左氧氟沙星注射剂的病例报告。

【典型病例】1

患者,女,82岁,44公斤,因“病毒性感冒”就诊,给予静脉滴注盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠0.4g,注射约20分钟后,出现恶心呕吐、胸闷、呼吸困难、神清。立即停用左氧氟沙星,并输氧,肌注胃复安10毫克,静脉滴注10%葡萄糖250毫升后逐渐好转。

【典型病例】2

患者,男,68岁,因“带状疱疹”就诊,给予静脉滴注盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液100ml Qd治疗,首次静滴约20ml时,患者出现呼吸困难,继而出现手足抽搐。立即停药,给氧、异丙嗪针、地塞米松注射液等抗过敏治疗。症状逐渐缓解,生命体征稳定。

6、给药剂量不合理

《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》中指出肾功能减退患者应用本类药物时,需根据肾功能减退程度减量用药。说明书中【老年患者用药】也提示本品主要经肾脏排泄,因高龄患者大多肾功能低下,可能会出现持续高血药浓度,应注意用药剂量并慎重给药。但国家药品不良反应监测数据库中有多例老年人给药未调整剂量的报告。

【典型病例】

患者,男,98岁,54公斤,因“慢性阻塞性肺疾病”来诊,给予静脉滴注盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液0.6g Qd,用药5天后患者出现烦躁不安、语无伦次等症状,采取停药、口服奋乃静等对症治疗后症状消失。

三、相关建议

1. 左氧氟沙星口服后吸收良好、生物利用度高,建议临床医生根据患者的实际情况选择合适的给药途径,能口服治疗者不建议使用注射给药的方式。

2. 鉴于与左氧氟沙星注射剂相关的严重不良反应较多,除与药品本身特性有关外,还与多种因素如患者个体差异、超剂量使用、不合理给药途径、不当配伍用药、输液速度过快等有关,建议临床医生在使用本品时,需注意剂量、特殊人群,避免超适应症用药,严禁禁忌证用药;注意左氧氟沙星注射剂的过敏反应,对喹诺酮类药物过敏的患者禁用,过敏体质患者、高敏状态患者慎用;有癫痫或其他中枢神经系统基础疾病的患者慎用;严禁本品与其他药品混合同瓶滴注,注意配伍用药,防止发生药物相互作用,避免与偏碱性液体、头孢类抗生素、中药注射剂等配伍使用。

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#插入话题
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    2016-07-20 zchen
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    2016-07-19 oo902

    从来对药物不过敏的我竟然也起了皮疹

    0

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    2016-07-19 医路开来

    值得关注的问题,这个不良反应太危险。

    0

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    2016-07-19 黑心天使

    值得学习

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    2016-07-18 doctorJiangchao

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