这四类肿瘤容易被误诊

2018-04-21 佚名 纪小龙医生

子宫内膜癌、肝癌、胃癌、肝脏髓外造血,肿瘤医生遇到这四种癌症要当心!

子宫内膜增殖症与子宫内膜癌

患者 女性 45岁,宫内置避孕环15年,因月经周期紊乱,经血量多且淋漓不净3个月来院就诊。妇科行避孕环取出及刮宫术,将刮出的子宫内膜组织送病理科检查。由于病理发现子宫内膜组织中,腺体大小不等,细胞排列紧密,间质较少,细胞分裂像容易找到,于是诊断为子宫内膜腺癌,立即收入院,行全子宫及双附件切除。术后病理组织,经多处取材,未发现子宫内膜腺癌的证据,复查原刮宫组织的病理切片,局部可见增生明显的子宫内膜腺体,此种改变可能与长期放置避孕环有关。

子宫内膜是覆盖子宫腔的黏膜,它是人体中分化能力最强的组织之一。在儿童期子宫内膜缓慢地发育生长,直到月经初潮前期,雌激素对宫内膜腺体间质才有明显的作用。月经是女性性功能开始成熟的标记,在月经周期中子宫内膜也发生着周期性的变化,正常情况下,每一个月经周期排一次卵,如果没有受孕,则出现月经,进入新的周期,如果卵子受精妊娠后,子宫内膜将发生蜕膜变。月经的周期主要靠卵巢的激素来调节,如果卵巢激素紊乱,也必将引起月经的紊乱,子宫内膜也有相应的形态改变。在临床表现上为闭经或功血。其中以功血最常见。

引起功血的原因很多,并且在不同的年龄段引起的主要原因也有一定差别。其中子宫内膜增殖症是十分常见的。子宫内膜增殖症是由于大量雌激素刺激子宫内膜所致。临床表现为不规则的多量的异常子宫出血,患者可以在长时间闭经后出现持续的出血,临床上可能疑为流产,也可表现为周期缩短、经期延长,出血时间可达1个月。

胃溃疡与胃癌

纤维胃镜是1969年发明的,它是基于光导纤维技术的出现。在没有纤维胃镜之前,胃镜检查是用金属胃镜,及用金属管从口经食道进入胃内,这种检查是很困难的,因此,临床几乎是很少进行金属胃镜检查的。因而,在纤维胃镜出现之前,胃黏膜活检组织学诊断几乎是空白。但是,一旦纤维胃镜应用于临床之后,活检胃黏膜组织就成了常见的病理诊断内容。我工作过的301医院是1971年开展纤维胃镜检查的,是国内最早开展的医院之一,因而也是胃黏膜活检诊断标准最早制定的单位。30多年过去了,在胃镜诊断中积累了大量的经验,但是,实际工作中仍然会不知不觉发生诊断上的错误。主要集中在胃溃疡与胃癌的鉴别上。

肝细胞腺瘤——分化良好的肝细胞肝癌

患者女性,36岁。因胃病去医院看病,B超发现肝脏实性占位性病变。行B超引导下穿刺活检,病理报告为肝细胞癌。住院开刀,切除肝肿瘤。手术后带切片来我院会诊。经重新阅片,病理诊断为:肝细胞腺瘤(注:良性肿瘤,切除后即治愈)。肝细胞腺瘤(hepatocellular adenoma )是一种少见的肝脏良性肿瘤。多发生在育龄期妇女的正常肝脏上,与长期口服避孕药有关。

肝脏髓外造血——恶性肿瘤

患者男性,45岁。因乏力、疲倦5个多月到医院就诊。B超发现肝脏、脾脏增大。B超引导下行肝穿刺活检。当地医院不能明确诊断。遂到北京一大医院会诊,报告为肝恶性肿瘤,类型待定。之后来我院会诊,明确为肝脏髓外造血,系由骨髓纤维化所致。

骨髓是主要的造血器官。骨髓有红骨髓和黄骨髓之分,有造血生理功能的主要是红骨髓。在小儿出生后头几年内,几乎所有的骨髓都是红骨髓。随年龄增长,红骨髓数量逐步减少,由以脂肪组织为主的黄骨髓所取代,特别是到5~7岁时黄骨髓明显地增加,红骨髓相应减少。到18岁时,红骨髓只限于颅骨、脊椎骨、胸骨和肋骨等扁平骨的造血功能可维持一生。除骨髓外,有些器官也能造血。这种造血形式,称为髓外造血。主要为肝、脾、淋巴结。淋巴结主要生产淋巴细胞,脾脏除生产淋巴细胞外,还生产单核细胞。肝脏则生产红细胞和血小板。随着影像学检查普及后,穿刺活检标本明显增多。由于穿刺标本小,病变显示不全面,仅看到肝组织中出现幼稚细胞,很容易想到恶性肿瘤。如果能想到髓外造血,诊断就不难了。

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=312545, encodeId=fc9931254538, content=学习了.很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/23/557c1f19aaf5459a8405411e38903c4b.jpg, createdBy=dfc02088287, createdName=cscdliu, createdTime=Sun May 06 11:57:16 CST 2018, time=2018-05-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=309801, encodeId=abce30980132, content=肿瘤疾病始终是我们的热点问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/04/12/cd30eefc465f70dc4dad89bd57479781.jpg, createdBy=02be2318568, createdName=一天没事干, createdTime=Fri Apr 27 12:39:03 CST 2018, time=2018-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308363, encodeId=5890308363e0, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Apr 23 05:20:06 CST 2018, time=2018-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308252, encodeId=9c48308252b2, content=学习了.谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/23/557c1f19aaf5459a8405411e38903c4b.jpg, createdBy=dfc02088287, createdName=cscdliu, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 13:56:45 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=307938, encodeId=8f8c30e938ef, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ba101609906, createdName=happsf, createdTime=Sat Apr 21 14:45:46 CST 2018, time=2018-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=307937, encodeId=7ccf30e93790, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ba101609906, createdName=happsf, createdTime=Sat Apr 21 14:45:21 CST 2018, time=2018-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=307932, encodeId=732f30e932dd, content=不错.学习了.做笔记了.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Sat Apr 21 14:22:10 CST 2018, time=2018-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-06 cscdliu

    学习了.很好

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=312545, encodeId=fc9931254538, content=学习了.很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/23/557c1f19aaf5459a8405411e38903c4b.jpg, createdBy=dfc02088287, createdName=cscdliu, createdTime=Sun May 06 11:57:16 CST 2018, time=2018-05-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=309801, encodeId=abce30980132, content=肿瘤疾病始终是我们的热点问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/04/12/cd30eefc465f70dc4dad89bd57479781.jpg, createdBy=02be2318568, createdName=一天没事干, createdTime=Fri Apr 27 12:39:03 CST 2018, time=2018-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308363, encodeId=5890308363e0, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Apr 23 05:20:06 CST 2018, time=2018-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308252, encodeId=9c48308252b2, content=学习了.谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/23/557c1f19aaf5459a8405411e38903c4b.jpg, createdBy=dfc02088287, createdName=cscdliu, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 13:56:45 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=307938, encodeId=8f8c30e938ef, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ba101609906, createdName=happsf, createdTime=Sat Apr 21 14:45:46 CST 2018, time=2018-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=307937, encodeId=7ccf30e93790, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ba101609906, createdName=happsf, createdTime=Sat Apr 21 14:45:21 CST 2018, time=2018-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=307932, encodeId=732f30e932dd, content=不错.学习了.做笔记了.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Sat Apr 21 14:22:10 CST 2018, time=2018-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-27 一天没事干

    肿瘤疾病始终是我们的热点问题

    0

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    2018-04-23 121832a9m88暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2018-04-22 cscdliu

    学习了.谢谢

    0

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    2018-04-21 happsf

    学习

    0

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    2018-04-21 happsf

    学习

    0

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    2018-04-21 虈亣靌

    不错.学习了.做笔记了.谢谢分享!

    0

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