Science:炎症反应中中性粒细胞是如何迁移的?

2015-05-15 佚名 生物谷

炎症反应一般由血管化组织的损伤引起,它能够通过清除微生物,愈合伤口实现机体的稳态控制。然而,不受控制的炎症反应也能够引发机体的病变。因此,我们需要对炎症反应中的信号传导机制有系统的了解。然而,最大的难题在于炎症组织内部的信号错综复杂,牵一发而动全身,所以要想从中找出某一条清晰的线索是比较困难的。 对于中性粒细胞相应炎性刺激的迁移过程,McDonald等人对其中的每一步都做了详细的研究。首先,

炎症反应一般由血管化组织的损伤引起,它能够通过清除微生物,愈合伤口实现机体的稳态控制。然而,不受控制的炎症反应也能够引发机体的病变。因此,我们需要对炎症反应中的信号传导机制有系统的了解。然而,最大的难题在于炎症组织内部的信号错综复杂,牵一发而动全身,所以要想从中找出某一条清晰的线索是比较困难的。

对于中性粒细胞相应炎性刺激的迁移过程,McDonald等人对其中的每一步都做了详细的研究。首先,他们利用活体成像技术实时地观察了组织受损的小鼠的免疫反应。他们对小鼠的肝脏表面做了高温刺激使其发生坏死性凋亡。他们发现中性粒细胞在损伤发生后的一个小时之内就迁移到了炎症反应部位。第一眼看上去,炎症反应部位像是均质化的,上面既有活细胞也有死细胞。好像中性粒细胞没有选择反应对象的余地。然而这个看上去均质化的部位含有非常复杂的细胞因子,它们能直接或间接作用于中性粒细胞。在炎症部位,受损的细胞会释放一类可溶性的分子,叫做damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)。DAMP包括ATP,甲酰化多肽,热休克蛋白(HSP),染色质,半乳糖凝集素等。周围的巨噬细胞可以以多种方式响应DAMP的信号,比如通过释放趋化因子来进一步扩大炎症反应的强度。最终这一效应导致血管表面高表达用于吸附淋巴细胞的粘附性分子。在粘附分子的的作用下,淋巴细胞越过血管的屏障,到达受损的组织附近。一些粘附分子在此过程中起了重要的作用,比如beta-2 integrin在减慢淋巴细胞在血管中的流动速度,提高其粘附几率的作用。趋化因子一方面可以用于激活淋巴细胞,另一方面也能通过形成化学浓度梯度吸引淋巴细胞向指定的部位迁移。

之后,作者通过遗传学或药物阻断的方式详细地分离了在中性粒细胞迁移过程中的各类信号。对于DAMP来说,死亡细胞释放的ATP是一类关键信号,它能够激活局部巨噬细胞的嘌呤能受体,激活胞内的NLRP3炎症小体以及促进IL-1beta的分泌。IL-1beta能够促进血管表皮细胞表达粘附性分子ICAM-1,从而增强MAC-1介导的对中性粒细胞的粘附作用。之后,被粘附的中性粒细胞沿着窦状血管爬附,同时受到趋化因子浓度梯度的吸引向坏死区域移动。这一信号依赖于中性粒细胞表面的趋化因子受体CXCR2。

尽管炎症部位产生很多的趋化引起浓度梯度,然而中性粒细胞却只对其中很少的一些有反应,而且随着向目标位置不断移动,中性粒细胞所偏好的趋化因子也会发生转变。这个问题至今没有明确的解释。其中一个可能是:在早期的迁移过程中,中性粒细胞主要受到局部巨噬细胞分泌的炎症信号影响,而在到达“边境”区域时,中性粒细胞主要靠自身的受体感应外界的甲酰化多肽知道其迁移。

作者认为,在不同的损伤类型,不同的组织,不同的时间,不同的淋巴细胞(包括中性粒细胞)的迁移所受到的信号都是特异的。因此,对这些信号的清晰分类能够帮助治疗各类型的炎症损伤性疾病。

原始出处:

Wei Wong.Keeping T cells in place.Sci. Signal.May 12, 2015.DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aac5398

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    2015-06-09 18619c0a62m

    参考参考。

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    2015-05-18 darkdaisy

    0

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    2015-05-17 heli0118
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    2015-05-16 Dr.LV

    研究思路值得学习

    0

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    2015-05-16 hbwang006

    细胞生物学

    0

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Diabetes Care:食用豆奶未影响2型糖尿病肾病炎症和氧化应激

     《糖尿病护理》(Diabetes Care)杂志2012年7月11日在线发表的一项随机、交叉对照临床试验研究表明:食用豆奶可降低2型糖尿病肾病患者血清中的D-二聚体水平。然而,患者的炎症和氧化应激标志物水平在食用豆奶后未发生显著性改变。   该研究目的在于评价与牛奶相比,豆奶的摄入对糖尿病肾病患者炎症、凝血功能和氧化应激是否产生影响。研究共纳入了25 例2型糖尿病

Immunity:免疫感受新成员—NLRP12研究新进展

NLR(nod like receptor)是一类胞内的免疫感受元件家族,它们能够调节病原体感染以及细胞损伤引起的炎症反应。最近的一些研究发现在许多自体免疫疾病以及免疫紊乱的病人体内都出现了NLR介导的免疫反应。 NLR主要的作用是引起IL-1b,IL-18的释放与caspase-1的切割与活化,这一反应涉及到一类叫做"炎症小体"的结构。也有一些NLR参与了炎症反应的负向调控过程。然而,对于

Immunity:肠道微生物关键毒素促进炎症反应

众所周知,我们的肠道内部寄生着大量的微生物群,这些微生物中有相当一部分对人体是有益的。比如细菌分泌的维生素以及短链脂肪酸能够促进肠道免疫系统的发育。同时,宿主也进化出一些手段来避免不正常的肠道炎症反应。比如肠道上皮覆盖的粘膜层以及抗菌肽能够有效阻止微生物与宿主细胞的过分接触。目前的一些研究发现化学物质诱导的小鼠肠炎症状在肠道微生物缺失的情况下会得到缓解。进一步的研究发现特定的微生物种群能够促进肠道

Science:科学家看好促炎症消退分子应用前景

医生们从未找到Charles Serhan在1990年亚洲之旅期间,到底是什么东西在他的肠道上刺出一个洞。它可能是未煮熟米饭中的一粒米,抑或海鲜菜里的一个贝壳碎片。无论原因是什么,当Serhan被飞机送回美国波士顿时,他已痛不欲生。“我几乎都站不起来了。”Serhan回忆道。他将自己的痛苦归因于脱水和严重的时差反应,“因为我并没有发烧”。 Serhan是哈佛医学院的

AJPEM:GIP——从促胰岛素分泌到致胰岛素抵抗的“退变”

GIP是进餐后,由肠道K细胞分泌的肠促胰岛素。多数研究认为,血中GIP水平,在肥胖和T2DM患者中是升高的。先前体外培养脂肪细胞的实验研究发现,GIP可刺激促炎症基因的表达,损害胰岛素敏感性。在肥胖症中,脂肪组织缺氧会诱导炎症反应。而最近有研究者进一步验证了以上观点,并得出相似结论。研究者在小鼠实验中,发现检测增强GIP信号系统可提高脂肪细胞中促炎症基因的表达;GIP与缺氧对诱导脂肪组织的炎症反应