Cell:癌症患者肿瘤中存在天然抗体,为癌症治疗开辟新方向

2022-03-30 nagashi “生物世界”公众号

癌症患者的B淋巴细胞可以产生对抗肿瘤的天然抗体,为免疫治疗指明了新的发展方向。

肿瘤免疫疗法的兴起为广大癌症患者带来了新的希望,成为当下最具治疗潜力的肿瘤治疗方法之一。该疗法依赖于招募和激活患者自身的免疫系统,促使机体更快、更强有力和更有针对性地消灭癌细胞。

遗憾的是,免疫疗法并非对所有的癌症患者都有效,这在很大程度上是因为我们对免疫系统的了解还不够。如果把人类的免疫系统比作武器库,那么现有的免疫疗法仍远未开发这个武器库的全部潜力。

事实上,现有的免疫疗法大多依赖于一种免疫防御——T细胞对抗肿瘤的能力。然而,一项最新研究却表明,癌症患者的B淋巴细胞可以产生对抗肿瘤的天然抗体,为免疫治疗指明了新的发展方向。

近日,以色列魏茨曼科学研究所的研究人员在国际顶尖学术期刊 Cell 上发表了题为:Tumor-reactive antibodies evolve from non-binding and autoreactive precursors 的研究论文。

该研究证实,癌症患者的B淋巴细胞可以产生专门针对肿瘤的天然抗体,这位新的肿瘤免疫疗法铺平了道路,有望使用这种不同的、前所未用的免疫系统武器——天然抗体。

在过去的几年里,科学家们在肿瘤组织中发现了天然抗体,它们很可能是由身体产生的,与癌症没有任何关系。然而,间接证据表明,这些天然抗体确实提供了某种抗肿瘤益处。例如,那些比其他人活得更久、对抗癌药物更敏感的患者,被发现其肿瘤中产生抗体的B细胞的数量更多。

然而,仅凭这些证据仍然没有办法确定这些细胞及其产生的抗体是否有助于提高肿瘤患者的存活率,就算这种效益确实存在,那么它们又是如何实现这一壮举的呢?

Ziv Shulman 实验室一直致力于研究B细胞的性质和功能,而 Irit Sagi 实验室则在创建侵袭性癌症的细胞模型以及研究体内抗体机制方面拥有专长。为了检测癌症中的抗体靶点,这两个实验展开了合作,研究了由以色列拉宾医学中心 Ram Eitan 教授提供的几十份卵巢癌样本。

经过长达六年的研究,研究团队证明,肿瘤组织中的天然抗体对肿瘤细胞进行了有针对性的攻击,并精确地结合到肿瘤分子上。研究人员对肿瘤内B细胞的基因组进行测序,并识别出编码与肿瘤结合的抗体的不同基因片段。

实体肿瘤中经常检测到肿瘤反应性抗体和和IgG+ 抗体分泌细胞(ASC)

研究团队发现,这些卵巢癌样本中含有异常高水平的MMP14酶——一种关键的膜结合蛋白酶。在正常人中,这种剪刀状的酶在再生或伤口愈合过程中扮演着重要的角色。然而,在癌症患者中,MMP14处于失控状态,它切割癌细胞周围的基质,从而帮助癌细胞侵入周围的组织并扩散到其他器官,导致肿瘤转移。

在免疫系统攻击MMP14的过程中,一些抗体经历了各种各样的进化:它们积累了一些突变,提高了它们对肿瘤的适应性,特别是对这种酶的适应性。

Ziv Shulman 教授表示,我们没有想到在肿瘤组织周围也会出现这样的进化。这些改变通常发生在传染性疾病中,抗体逐渐获得突变,帮助它们更好地消灭病原体。但癌症是患者自身组织的一部分,或者在免疫系统中被称为‘自我’的组织。

卵巢癌患者的肿瘤组织中存在针对MMP14酶的自身抗体

但无论如何,这些抗体针对的是人体自身的一种酶,这一事实本身就令人惊讶。因为免疫系统对人体组织的攻击通常是有害的,会导致自身免疫性疾病。然而,对于癌症来说,这个过程显然是有益的,而同样令人费解的是为什么这种有益的过程并没有能杀死肿瘤。

Irit Sagi 教授表示,一个潜在的原因可能是免疫系统的衰竭。癌症发展需要数月甚至数年时间,在与癌症抗争了这么长时间之后,免疫系统可能已经筋疲力尽,无法提供有效杀死肿瘤所需的全套武器。例如,除了抗体之外,还需要自然杀伤细胞(NK Cells)来达到这个目的。

自然杀伤细胞和天然抗体联合使用可以迅速杀死癌细胞

事实上,研究人员发现,从卵巢癌患者身上提取的组织样本中,虽然存在一定数量的天然抗体,但很少有自然杀伤细胞。当他们将自然杀伤细胞和天然抗体一起加入肿瘤细胞培养物中时,自然杀伤细胞可以很迅速地杀死肿瘤细胞。

研究模式图

这些发现为癌症免疫疗法开辟了一条新途径——充分利用天然抗肿瘤抗体。这些天然抗体可能有助于发现肿瘤细胞上以前未知的靶标,让免疫疗法可以更有效地针对这些目标。此外,这些天然抗体也可能有助于对癌症的早期检测或诊断,也可以被开发成单独使用的药物,或与其他疗法结合使用。

 

原始出处:

Roei D. Mazor, et al. Tumor-reactive antibodies evolve from non-binding and autoreactive precursors. Cell, 2022.

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    2022-08-18 维他命
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    2022-03-30 嗯哪

    学习了

    0

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    2022-03-30 仁术2021

    不错,学习了。

    0

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