别让误解“玩坏”了抗抑郁药

2017-11-23 同济大学精神病与精神卫生学专业 硕士梁韵淋 上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院 心理医学科主任骆艳丽 健康界

临床上药物种类繁多,每一类药物都有其特殊性,抗抑郁药更是如此。然而,部分患者由于对抗抑郁药物的认识不到位,导致药物不起效,甚至被乱用、弃用,本文章将介绍临床上部分患者对抗抑郁药常见的误解及正确认识。

临床上药物种类繁多,每一类药物都有其特殊性,抗抑郁药更是如此。然而,部分患者由于对抗抑郁药物的认识不到位,导致药物不起效,甚至被乱用、弃用,本文章将介绍临床上部分患者对抗抑郁药常见的误解及正确认识。

临床上药物种类繁多,每一类药物都有其特殊性,抗抑郁药更是如此。然而,部分患者由于对抗抑郁药物的认识不到位,导致药物不起效,甚至被乱用、弃用,本文章将介绍临床上部分患者对抗抑郁药常见的误解及正确认识。

误区一:吃了一周抗抑郁药,情绪没有改善=这药不起效果

患者:医生,你开的这抑郁药我都吃了快一个星期了,我的心情还是很差,是不是这药对我没效果啊?

心理科医生:不是没效果,只是还没起效。打个比喻,抑郁症患者体内的病理改变相当于一台生锈的机器,抗抑郁药一方面起到润滑油的作用,让机器运作的流畅度稍有改善,另一方面还要起到“打磨”的作用,“打磨”是需要花时间去除掉锈迹,使机器重新运作,这个过程一般需要2周,也就是说,抗抑郁药的起效时间一般为2周。所以说,吃了一周抗抑郁药,情绪没有改善≠这药不起效果。一般来讲只有连续使用足够剂量的药物4-6周无效,才能判定药物无效。

专家解读:抑郁症的病因是由多种因素共同影响,从生物学角度来看,目前认为神经递质5-羟色胺(5-HT)功能活动降低与抑郁症的发生密切相关,因此常用的抗抑郁药,如选择性5-HT再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs),主要作用是升高突触间隙5-HT含量,同时使抑制5-HT释放的受体敏感性逐渐减弱,最终使5-HT神经元重新建立起冲动发放率[1],前者为润滑油,后者则为“打磨”,正应了中国一句有名的谚语——授人以鱼不如授人以渔!

误区二:药物副作用太大,我偷偷减半吃

患者:我这药都吃了这么久了,为什么还是没效?

心理科医生:你都定时定量吃的吗?

患者:我…我担心药物副作用太多,只吃了一半。

心理科医生:临床上药物使用剂量范围都是经过大量研究得出的结果,只有足够剂量,才能在体内形成稳定的血药浓度(血浆内药物浓度),才能形成“打磨工具”(见上文),并进行有效的“打磨”。若将药物减半吃,“打磨工具”不能成形,自然就不能起到抗抑郁效果了。

误区三:别人吃有效,我吃也有效

患者:我有一位朋友也是吃这个药的,可是他只需要吃1片,为什么我要吃2片呢?

心理科医生:每一种药物都有一定的剂量范围,如文拉法辛剂量范围75-225mg/天,艾司西酞普兰10-20mg/天等等,在剂量范围之内,从小剂量开始,逐渐加量,达到有效剂量(我们称之“最小有效剂量”)后,维持这个剂量服用一段时间以巩固疗效。不同个体对同一种药物的最小有效剂量都会有所差异,这就是同一种药物别人只要吃1片,而你需要吃2片的原因。

患者:可是我还是担心副作用大。

精神科医师:每一个药物都可能出现不良反应,但也只是小部分患者出现,医生一般会根据不同患者的临床特征来选择药物,尽量避免不良反应发生。而且即使服药后出现了不舒服,并考虑和药物有关,轻度的不舒服一般会在一周时间内自行消失,如发生明显的不舒服,可停药并复诊,医生会根据情况调整用药。

专家解读

每一种药物之间都有共性与特异性,抗抑郁药与其他药物的共性在于,患者都需要服用足够的剂量才能起效,并且需要在结合病情变化的情况下缓慢调整用药剂量,而且每一种药物都可能出现不良反应,不能预防,但能观察、监测。而相比于降压药、降糖药等短时间内起效的药物,抗抑郁药起效时间需要约2周,这便是它的特异性,因此,服用抗抑郁药的患者“急不得”!

误区四:抑郁发作,就吃抗抑郁药

患者:我明明是抑郁了,你为什么不给我吃抗抑郁药?

心理科医生:抑郁发作≠抑郁症,抑郁发作是指患者表现为情绪低落、兴趣减退等症状,但抑郁症的诊断还需要排除其它精神障碍,排除抑郁症诊断的抑郁发作就不一定需要吃抗抑郁药了。

患者:您的意思是说,抑郁不一定要吃抗抑郁药吗?具体在什么情况下呢?

心理科医生:对的,常见的情况有双相情感障碍、精神分裂症等。以双相情感障碍为例,该病不仅可以表现为抑郁发作,还会交替出现躁狂发作,即情绪高涨,高于既往情绪变化范围,思维十分敏捷,精力充沛等等,当躁狂发作出现持续1周,便可考虑诊断“双相情感障碍”,此情况下治疗以心境稳定剂为主(即使处于抑郁发作期),一般不需要加用抗抑郁药。而精神分裂症即使伴有抑郁情绪也是以抗精神病药为主。

患者:我认识一些朋友,有的是你说的那个“双相情感障碍”,有的是得了身体上的疾病,然后出现抑郁的表现,他们都在吃抗抑郁药,这又是什么道理呢?

心理科医生:双相情感障碍患者如果出现了重度抑郁发作,甚至有消极自杀的想法或行为,也要考虑使用抗抑郁药,但要避免使用易转躁(诱发躁狂发作)的抗抑郁药,如帕罗西汀、氟西汀等。而如果患有躯体疾病,比如小脑萎缩导致行动困难等,病人因为疾病的痛苦也有可能出现抑郁情绪,目前大量研究显示,抑郁情绪对多种疾病的治疗和恢复都会产生负面影响,因此,以抗抑郁药为辅助用药,可以更好地治疗原发疾病。

专家解读:

抗抑郁药的使用远远不止说明书上说的简单,决定病人是否需要吃抗抑郁药,需要结合临床症状、诊断以及同时存在的其它疾病等多种因素,只要其中一种因素有所变化,治疗方案就有可能天壤之别。因此,患者必须要在专业精神科医师指导下用药,切忌随意用药、换药。

临床上关于抗抑郁药的误区还有很多,我们《心理那些事儿》后续将为大家带来更多关于抗抑郁药正确使用的文章。总而言之,正确认识抗抑郁药,不偏见,不误解,多问医生,让小小的抗抑郁药发挥出大大的“能量”!

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    2018-01-06 wetgdt
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    2017-11-25 snf701212
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    2017-11-24 天涯183

    非常好的文章.学习了

    0

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    2017-11-24 明崖

    学习了.不错的好文章

    0

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    2017-11-24 sunfeifeiyang

    抗抑郁药

    0

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    2017-11-24 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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根据最近的一项国际共识声明,高度个性化的评估和监测对于预防服用抗抑郁药物患者的不良反应至关重要。这一共识的参与者包括来自澳大利亚双相抑郁障碍协会(ASBDD),加拿大情绪和焦虑治疗网络(CANMAT),世界生物精神病学学会联合会(WFSBP)以及国际情感性精神障碍协会(ISAD)的专家。

BMJ:子宫暴露抗抑郁药是否增加后代精神疾病风险?

在怀孕期间,女性不能及时的调整心态,适应母亲这个角色,那么在怀孕期间很容易出现焦虑、抑郁。因此部分孕妇会选择服用抗抑郁药,抗抑郁药对胎儿有什么样的影响呢?2017年9月,发表在《BMJ》上的一项基于人群的队列研究,考察子宫抗抑郁药暴露和后代精神疾病风险之间的相关性。

Cochrane Database Syst Rev:抗抑郁药治疗儿童和青少年的慢性非癌症疼痛

疼痛是世界各地儿童和青少年的常见特征,世界卫生组织对儿童持续疼痛的药理疗法指导方针承认,儿童疼痛是世界大部分地区的重要公共卫生问题。长期临床证据表明,抗抑郁药对一些神经性疼痛效果显着,但其对疼痛的效果不同于对抑郁症的效果;例如,三环类抗抑郁药对疼痛起效的剂量通常比治疗抑郁症的剂量要低。阿米替林在英国是最常应用的治疗神经性疼痛的药物之一。为了研究儿童疼痛药理学干预证据,研究人员对之前的研究进行分析总

BMJ:停用抗抑郁药是否增加患者焦虑症的复发风险?

2017年9月,发表在《BMJ》上的一项复发预防试验的系统回顾和Meta分析,研究了患者停用抗抑郁药对焦虑症复发率的影响。研究结果证实:在长达1年的随访期中,停用抗抑郁药与继续使用抗抑郁药相比,会造成患者更高的复发率。