J Am Geriatr Soc:惊了!嗅觉不好的人容易痴呆?

2017-09-30 佚名 药明康德

以阿兹海默病为代表的老年失智症影响了许多人。对于患者和家庭来说,失智症就像是时光小偷,将生命的记忆一块一块偷走,永远改变了他们的生活。

以阿兹海默病为代表的老年失智症影响了许多人。对于患者和家庭来说,失智症就像是时光小偷,将生命的记忆一块一块偷走,永远改变了他们的生活。

近日,来自芝加哥大学医学中心的一支团队为我们带来了一项新研究。他们找到了一种方法,能在失智症病发前的数年预测出哪些患者容易受到这种疾病的影响。它虽然不能直接逆转病情,但能让患者与家人提早做好准备,并尽早采取预防性的措施。

这种方法听上去并不困难——只要闻闻气味就好了!这项听起来像是“伪科学”的研究招募了将近3000名成人,规模庞大。它的结果应具有足够的说服力。

让我们先来看看研究人员是怎么设计这项实验的吧。在研究中,他们招募了大量57岁到85岁的成人,并用标准的嗅觉评估工具,让他们来分辨五种味道。它们分别是薄荷味、鱼腥味、橙子味、玫瑰香、以及皮革味。

读到这里,也许有些读者已经自动“脑补”出了这些气味,但并不是每一个人都能清楚地对它们进行分辨。在闻过气味后,研究人员为每一种气味都提供了四个选项供他们选择,但只有不到一半的人能答对所有的题,而有14%的人只能识别出其中的3种气味,5%的人能识别出2种,2%的人能识别出1种,还有1%的人连1种都识别不了……

先前,一些研究表明大脑负责嗅觉的部分会较早受神经退行性疾病的影响。那么,这些在识别气味上出现困难的受试者,是否罹患失智症的风险会更高呢?在进行“嗅觉测试”的5年后,那些无法正确识别任何气味的志愿者,几乎全部确诊了失智症。那些只能识别出1到2种气味的志愿者,经诊断患有失智症的比例也高达80%。此外,嗅觉损失得越厉害,失智症的发病率就越高。

▲嗅觉越差,罹患失智症的风险就越高(图片来源:《Journal of the American Geriatrics Society》)

综合来看,嗅觉有问题的人群,失智症的发病风险要比正常人翻番。

该研究的作者之一,芝加哥大学的Martha K. McClintock教授解释了为什么嗅觉变差是失智症的先兆。她说大脑的嗅觉系统中有着干细胞,能够自我更新。而嗅觉变差则意味着这一自我更新能力出现了缺陷,也表明大脑在衰老的过程中,逐渐失去了重新生成关键组分的能力。出现失智症也就不足为奇了。


“这些研究表明嗅觉与大脑的功能与健康紧密相连。我们认为嗅觉能力可能成为一个重要的早期标志,找到那些有更高失智症风险的人,”该研究的主要负责人Jayant M. Pinto博士说道:“理解了背后的机理,我们就能理解神经退行性疾病,并开发出新的疗法,以及新的预防和干预策略。”

原始出处:
Adams DR, Kern DW, Wroblewski KE,et al. Olfactory Dysfunction Predicts Subsequent Dementia in Older U.S. Adults.J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Sep 25. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15048. [Epub ahead of print]

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    2017-10-01 戒馋,懒,贪

    谢谢分享.有点意思

    0

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    2017-10-01 人间可客

    学习了.谢谢分享!

    0

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    2017-10-01 luominglian113

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-09-30 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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个体全身能量的稳态调节取决于食物摄取和能量消耗之间的复杂平衡。这种平衡涉及了外周和中枢神经系统之间的协调反应,包括激素,多肽和神经递质。属于外周神经系统的嗅觉输入有助于协调人们对于食物的品鉴和选择,但是我们对它们在全身生理学和能量平衡中的作用还知之甚少。

J Gerontol A Biol:中年人的感官损伤和认知功能

听力、视觉和嗅觉的损伤与老年人的认知功能损伤有关,但是与中年人认知功能的关系却知道很少。最近,研究人员利用Beaver Dam Offspring研究对参与者进行了感官和认知功能的基线调查(2005-2008)。并利用Trail Making测试A(TMTA)和B(TMTB)以及Grooved Peg Board测试进行了认知功能的测量。另外,研究人员利用纯音听觉测试、Pelli-Robson信息

PNAS:计算模型揭示嗅觉之谜

国际著名学术期刊《美国国家科学院院刊》杂志在线发表了匹兹堡大学医学院计算和系统生物系邢建华课题组题为 “Achieving diverse and monoallelic olfactory receptor selection through dual-objective optimization design” 的最新研究成果。该成果提出嗅觉系统采用三层调控机制以同时实现嗅觉受体多样性和单等位