指南解读|你知道结直肠癌“四大争论”吗?新版CSCO结直肠癌诊治新指南为您解惑!

2018-05-14 蔡三军 李心翔 医师报

CSCO结直肠癌诊疗指南2018.V1基于循证医学证据和精准医学基本原则,充分考虑我国结直肠专科医师需求和肠癌诊疗现状,并且结合中国国情和不同地区经济发展水平差异,对指南进行了相应更新,将2017版中的“基本策略”和“可选策略”统一修改为“Ⅰ级”、“ Ⅱ 级”和“Ⅲ级”专家推荐,并标注了医学证据水平。


复旦大学附属肿瘤医院大肠外科 蔡三军 李心翔

CSCO结直肠癌诊疗指南2018.V1基于循证医学证据和精准医学基本原则,充分考虑我国结直肠专科医师需求和肠癌诊疗现状,并且结合中国国情和不同地区经济发展水平差异,对指南进行了相应更新,将2017版中的“基本策略”和“可选策略”统一修改为“Ⅰ级”、“ Ⅱ 级”和“Ⅲ级”专家推荐,并标注了医学证据水平。

概念更新要点  分段之争、原发or转移灶切除顺序之争

直肠的分段既往意见并不统一,欧洲肿瘤内科学会(ESMO)和美国国立综合癌症网(NCCN)指南各自具有不同的定义。本次CSCO指南2018.V1版更新中强调根据ESMO-2017指南的建议,以肿瘤下缘距肛缘0~5 cm为低位直肠,5~10 cm为中位直肠癌,10~15 cm为高位直肠癌。根据目前指南及相关研究证据,极低位直肠癌尚无明确诊断标准。此外,在针对cT3-4/N阳性直肠癌的治疗中,删除了“上段直肠,中段和下段直肠”的定义,改为“有腹膜覆盖的中位直肠,无腹膜覆盖的中位直肠或低位直肠来明确肿瘤位置。

对于初始可切除同时性转移性结肠癌,本次CSCO指南2018.V1版更新了原发灶和转移灶手术切除顺序,包括同期或分期手术,主要取决于患者身体对手术耐受性和安全性的综合评估。而分期手术又分原发灶优先还是转移灶优先,取决于影响患者生存质量的主要因素,如转移灶是主要影响因素可先行转移灶切除术,再行原发灶切除术。

手术治疗更新要点  微创or开放之争

微创手术在中低位直肠癌外科治疗的价值仍存在争议。2015年发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》上的多中心RCT研究(COLOR Ⅱ)比较了腹腔镜(699例)和开放手术(345例)的预后差异,发现二者在3年局部复发(均为5%)、无病生存期(DFS)(74.8 %与 70%)和总生存(OS)(86.7%与 83.6%)均无显著差异,因此认为腹腔镜直肠癌手术能获得和开放手术一样的远期疗效。

然而,2015年发表于JAMA的两个RCT研究发现,在近期肿瘤学疗效指标如完全全直肠系膜切除术(TME)、环周切缘(CRM)(≥1mm)和远端切缘(≥1mm)等组织病理学评估的对比上开放手术优于腹腔镜手术,这给微创手术是否提高远期疗效增添了争议。

2017年ASCO年会上来自韩国的RCT研究发表了术后远期生存数据,研究纳入了每组各170例的中低位直肠癌患者,腹腔镜组的7年局部复发率(3.3% 与 7.9%)、7年DFS(71.6% 与 64.3%)和7年OS(83.2%与 77.3%)均不劣于开放手术组,提示腹腔镜手术可以作为中低位直肠癌TME手术的标准。鉴于各个地区外科手术治疗控制不一,2018版的CSCO指南认为尽管具有微创与保肛的优势,腹腔镜/机器人辅助的直肠癌根治术的长期肿瘤学疗效仍有待进一步评估,建议在有经验的中心开展。

目前右半结肠癌根治术式主要有两种:包括以亚太地区为代表的D3术式和以欧美地区为代表的CME术式。二者均被国内外文献证实能取得良好疗效,但二者孰优孰劣一直纷争不断。日本学者提出的D3术式界定了淋巴结分占和部位,强调淋巴结清扫在结肠癌根治术的作用。德国学者提出的CME术式定义了清晰解剖层次,手术在Toldt’s融合平面间隙内操作,保证结肠系膜的完整性,避免肿瘤播散。

与传统D3术式相比,CME术式更强调沿肿瘤引流血管根部解剖,最大限度清扫淋巴结,保证脏层筋膜光滑完整无缺损。如同直肠的TME,目前结肠的CME已逐渐成为结肠癌手术治疗标准推荐。

辅助治疗更新要点  6个月方案与3个月方案之争

自2004年MOSAIC研究发表以来,含奥沙利铂(FOLFOX)的6个月辅助化疗被确立为Ⅲ 期结肠癌根治性手术切除术后的标准治疗方案,此后13年鲜有辅助化疗领域研究进展。6个月的FOLFOX方案约12.5%的患者有3级以上神经毒性,显著影响治疗完成率。2017年ASCO大会报道了万众瞩目的IDEA研究。该研究于2007年6月至2015年12月分别在12个国家开展了6项独立的、设计相似的临床试验,纳入12 834例患者,旨在比较Ⅲ期结肠癌根治术后含FOLFOX的辅助化疗方案(60%接受FOLFOX或40%接受CAPOX),3个月疗程对比目前的6个月疗程(金标准)具有非劣效性(主要指标为DFS,预设HR为1.12)。

结果显示,IDEA中含FOLFOX的标准辅助化疗方案治疗完成度和MOSAIC研究结果一样并不理想(FOLFOX为71%,CAPOX为65%,和MOSAIC研究的74%类似),而3个月方案治疗完成度显著提高(FOLFOX为90%,CAPOX为86%),3级以上神经毒性显著降低(FOLFOX为3% 与 16%,而CAPOX为3% 与 9%)。在3年DFS的对比中,3个月方案为74.6%,6个月方案为75.5%,HR=1.07(95%CI ,1.00~1.15),结果差异细微,非劣效不成立,总体终点未达到,因此进行危险度分层分析。

在N分期差异上,Ⅲ期结肠癌患者(T1-3N1)亚组的3个月方案非劣效成立,而T4或N2亚组的3个月劣效成立。在化疗方案选择上,CAPOX亚组3个月非劣效成立,而FOLFOX亚组的3个月劣效成立。

综上所述,3个月治疗方案的不良反应发生率明显低于6个月治疗方案。更重要的是,IDEA研究基本明确了FOLFOX的最佳疗程,并提出了Ⅲ期结肠癌危险度分层概念,即对于低危(低复发风险)Ⅲ期结肠癌患者(T1-3N1),可考虑3个月的CAPOX方案;对于高危Ⅲ期结肠癌患者(T4或N2),维持原来的含FOLFOX方案的6个月辅助化疗。新指南也根据IDEA研究的结果,在术后辅助化疗部分的注释中增加了“Ⅲ 期的结肠癌低危患者(T1-3N1)可考虑3个月的CAPOX方案辅助化疗的相关内容。在临床中,需要慎重考量缩短疗程后潜在的复发风险和患者安全性改善及医疗资料节约等因素,并充分考虑患者的治疗意愿。

新辅助治疗更新要点  化疗顺序之争

目前局部进展期直肠癌(LARC)的标准治疗模式是“术前同步放化疗或短程放疗+TME+术后辅助化疗”。该模式可获得术前降期,提高R0切除率和保肛率,减少局部复发,但部分患者肛门功能差可能行二次手术造口,化疗毒副作用大,且未显示总体生存获益。全程新辅助治疗(TNT)方案将标准治疗方案的辅助化疗提至术前,这一方面可以使部分达临床完全缓解(cCR)患者采纳W&W策略而保全器官功能,另一方面可以提高全身化疗依从性和治疗完成度,改善长期生存。

2017年来自美国纪念斯隆凯瑟琳癌症中心的团队在ASCO汇报了大型单中心回顾性研究。纳入628例LARC(T3/4或N+)患者,其中320例接受常规标准治疗,308例接受TNT。与新辅助放化疗+TME+术后辅助化疗的标准治疗组的完全缓解率(pCR,21%)相比,TNT组治疗后12个月时的完全缓解率(pCR+cCR,36%)更高,但该优势是否能转化为器官保全和生存获益仍有待于长期随访。

鉴于以上研究仅仅基于少数回顾性研究,在本次指南更新中并没有采纳,中低位LARC目前首选治疗仍推荐术前同步放化疗+手术+辅助化疗的治疗策略。而未来的研究一方面需要探索更好的分层标志去区分潜在获益人群以降低过度治疗风险。另一方面需要探索如何在术前精准判断完全缓解。

综上所述,不断修订并完善的结直肠癌诊疗指南基于我国基本国情和最新科研进展,目的在于让患者受益最大化。明确分期、掌握适应证、强调根治性切除及保全功能是外科治疗的根本目的。积极开展病因及发病机制研究,早期筛查预防,精准的个体化综合治疗,未来需要各方继续努力。需要强调的是,尽管个体化精准治疗是目前癌症治疗的热点,但在更多领域仍在探索阶段。指南不是万能,但指南是建立在大量临床数据及循证医学基础上,能最大程度地保证临床诊治的质量, 保障最多数患者的获益。

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    2018-07-01 jyzxjiangqin

    结直肠癌靶向药物治疗.

    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1923353, encodeId=7c67192335361, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1408583e45d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58374, encryptionId=1408583e45d, topicName=新指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ac782500066, createdName=12498768m13(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 03 23:53:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=328344, encodeId=96d1328344a2, content=结直肠癌靶向药物治疗., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Jul 01 06:51:37 CST 2018, time=2018-07-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1453113, encodeId=1aec145311353, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=098ee8679ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结直肠#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78679, encryptionId=098ee8679ad, topicName=结直肠)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9ace5575596, createdName=crystal0564, createdTime=Wed May 16 13:53:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1551783, encodeId=11d61551e83eb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=305156401eb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#指南解读#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56401, encryptionId=305156401eb, topicName=指南解读)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=eb0214221999, createdName=shuangle, createdTime=Wed May 16 13:53:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=315301, encodeId=307231530183, content=很棒.谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/BAE4FB29D03EE776E5FA0098F5AA4E85/100, createdBy=18882186476, createdName=上善若水任方圆, createdTime=Tue May 15 08:38:27 CST 2018, time=2018-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=315256, encodeId=38d03152560b, content=了解了谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Tue May 15 07:24:14 CST 2018, time=2018-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=315140, encodeId=2f48315140e7, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Mon May 14 23:40:36 CST 2018, time=2018-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1923353, encodeId=7c67192335361, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1408583e45d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58374, encryptionId=1408583e45d, topicName=新指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ac782500066, createdName=12498768m13(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Dec 03 23:53:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=328344, encodeId=96d1328344a2, content=结直肠癌靶向药物治疗., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Jul 01 06:51:37 CST 2018, time=2018-07-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1453113, encodeId=1aec145311353, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=098ee8679ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结直肠#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78679, encryptionId=098ee8679ad, topicName=结直肠)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9ace5575596, createdName=crystal0564, createdTime=Wed May 16 13:53:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1551783, encodeId=11d61551e83eb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=305156401eb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#指南解读#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56401, encryptionId=305156401eb, topicName=指南解读)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=eb0214221999, createdName=shuangle, createdTime=Wed May 16 13:53:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=315301, encodeId=307231530183, content=很棒.谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/BAE4FB29D03EE776E5FA0098F5AA4E85/100, createdBy=18882186476, createdName=上善若水任方圆, createdTime=Tue May 15 08:38:27 CST 2018, time=2018-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=315256, encodeId=38d03152560b, content=了解了谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Tue May 15 07:24:14 CST 2018, time=2018-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=315140, encodeId=2f48315140e7, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Mon May 14 23:40:36 CST 2018, time=2018-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-15 上善若水任方圆

    很棒.谢谢

    0

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    2018-05-15 kafei

    了解了谢谢

    0

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    2018-05-14 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0

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未经治疗的IV期结直肠癌(CRC)的5年总生存期为11.3%,接受CRC外科手术切除的患者50%以上会出现复发,最常见的复发部位是肝脏,肺部是最常见的腹外复发部位;约10-20%的患者会出现肺转移。切除孤立的肺转移瘤后,约三分之一的患者存活将超过5年,约四分之一将存活10年。

结直肠癌分子生物标志物检测专家共识

结直肠癌是常见的消化道肿瘤之一,我国的结直肠癌发病率和病死率都居于前列。多数结直肠癌患者在初诊时已属于中晚期,正确的治疗决定患者的预后,结直肠癌疗效预测和预后评估分子标志物的检测结果对临床制订正确的治疗方案非常重要。随着靶向治疗和免疫治疗在结直肠癌治疗中的应用,晚期结直肠癌的治疗进入了一个新的阶段。

Ann Onco:一网打尽—结直肠癌的HER2靶向治疗

转移性结肠直肠癌(CRC)中存在一个由HER2的扩增或突变驱动的亚组(约5%)。本文综述了HER2作为CRC预后因子、抗EGFR治疗不良预后的预测因子、CRC有效治疗靶点的研究现状,并对CRC中HER2的检测方法进行了讨论。

Nature:每一个结直肠癌细胞都不同

肿瘤组织起源于一个细胞,在肿瘤细胞无限扩增的过程中,细胞会获得不同于其他细胞的遗传和表型信息。在最新的一项研究中,科学家们发现,与正常细胞相比,结直肠癌细胞的突变率明显增加,而且,肿瘤组织中的每一个细胞都是独一无二的。

Ann Oncol:绝经后乳腺癌女性:芳香化酶抑制剂增加结直肠癌风险?

发表在《Ann Oncol》的一项由加拿大科学家进行的研究,考察了绝经后乳腺癌女性芳香化酶抑制剂(AI)使用与结直肠癌风险之间的相关性。