Sci Transl Med: 这些被忽视的免疫细胞,竟是乳腺癌细胞治疗的“潜力股”!

2019-10-25 Ruthy 转化医学网

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,也是当前社会的重大公共卫生问题。其中雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)和原癌基因Her-2均为阴性的三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)恶性程度极高、预后极差,一旦转移多只能束手无策,因此,确定更为有效的乳腺癌治疗靶点成为了重中之重。

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,也是当前社会的重大公共卫生问题。其中雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)和原癌基因Her-2均为阴性的三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)恶性程度极高、预后极差,一旦转移多只能束手无策,因此,确定更为有效的乳腺癌治疗靶点成为了重中之重。
近日,弗朗西斯克里克研究所和伦敦大学的研究人员在乳腺癌中发现了一种特殊的T细胞——γδT细胞,同时证明这种T细胞可缓解TNBC症状,改善TNBC的预后!这就为乳腺癌细胞治疗又增添了一支“潜力股”。
 
γδT细胞——无需靶向固定靶点的特殊T细胞

TNBC细胞治疗无功而返皆因其相应的受体表达多为阴性,靶点不存T细胞便难以识别肿瘤细胞,体外对T细胞的改造也无从下手。促进肿瘤细胞表达相应靶点的实践难度太高,目前难以实现,因此只能从“战士”——T细胞身上入手,但没有靶点的支持,再怎么改造T细胞也是无头苍蝇。所以,“换兵”,即换不需要靶向固定靶点的T细胞,就成了解决这一困境的最佳方法。

不靶向固定靶点的T细胞是什么呢?根据T细胞表面TCR的类型,我们将T细胞分为αβT细胞和γδT细胞两类。αβT细胞即通常所称的T细胞,其表面表达TCRαβ,占T细胞总数的95%以上,而γδT细胞表面表达TCRγδ,数量较少,主要分布在皮肤和黏膜组织。γδT细胞表面的TCRγδ不需与MHC分子结合,不需抗原提呈细胞(APC)的提呈,可以直接识别并结合抗原分子。TCRγδ能够识别在肿瘤细胞内积聚的异戊烯焦磷酸(IPP)和二甲基烯丙基焦磷酸,进而激活γδT细胞。激活的γδT细胞能够通过多种途径杀伤肿瘤细胞,在人体固有免疫系统中发挥重要作用。也就是说,即使没有固定靶点,TCRγδ照样可以通过识别IPP等特定分子消灭肿瘤细胞。由于TCRγδ的种类较少含量不多,因此在细胞治疗的研究中经常被忽视。那么,γδT细胞能否成为我们需要的T细胞,跻身TNBC细胞治疗的“潜力股”呢?
 
Vδ1T细胞——影响TNBC进展的特殊γδT细胞

前面说到,γδT细胞主要分布在皮肤和黏膜组织,想要知晓其对乳腺癌是否有作用,得先证明其在乳腺组织中存在。根据γδT细胞表面TCR的δ链的表达,我们将γδT细胞分为Vδ1T细胞和Vδ2T细胞(Vδ3T细胞主要分布在肝脏,很少存在于血液中)。研究人员发现,人类健康乳腺组织中广泛存在Vδ1T细胞,这些细胞能分泌许多细胞因子,直接响应感染或癌症引起的应激信号,对肿瘤细胞产生细胞毒效应。


人健康乳腺组织中广泛存在Vδ1T细胞


人乳腺癌组织中Vδ1T细胞与患者无进展生存期/总生存期的关系
 
另一方面,他们在人类TNBC中也发现了一定数量的Vδ1T细胞,分析显示患者的无进展生存期/总生存期皆与Vδ1T细胞的表达显著相关,并且与γδT细胞总数和Vδ2T细胞没有关系。乳腺肿瘤中Vδ1 T细胞数量越多,患者的生存率就越高,预后也越好。这就意味着Vδ1 T细胞是TNBC治疗的潜在希望。同时,研究人员指出,Vδ1 T细胞可影响TNBC进展,但并非唯一因素,其与αβT细胞的后天免疫的协同作用是最大免疫获益的重要保障,所以二者皆不可忽视。
 
这项研究让Vδ1 T细胞跻身TNBC细胞治疗的“潜力股”,进一步促进了TNBC和人自身免疫系统相关研究的发展,也为TNBC治疗提供了新希望。相信未来会有更多方案助力TNBC治疗,让更多患者摆脱癌症困扰,我们静待佳音!
 

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    2020-07-13 bsmagic9140
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    2019-10-26 yxch36
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    2019-10-25 txqjm

    谢谢了,学习

    0

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Nature:全新发现癌症免疫疗法的关键蛋白:重振耗竭的免疫细胞,阻止癌症

人体免疫系统依赖于精细调节细胞类型的微妙平衡,控制细菌和癌细胞。在癌症和慢性感染中,这种平衡可能被破坏,导致免疫系统功能出现障碍,也就是出现“耗竭”。