Immunity:以一己之力对抗慢性病毒感染

2017-08-16 欧阳沐 生物通

近年来,芝加哥大学的微生物学、免疫学、遗传学家Tatyana Golovkina博士一直在试图解决一个棘手问题:为什么有些人和动物能抵御病毒持续感染,而其他人却不行呢? I/LnJ品系小鼠特别擅长控制病毒感染。它们能生产对抗多种不同属逆转录病毒的特异性抗体。 Golovkina就很好奇,所以她开始在I/LnJ小鼠身上寻找负责提高免疫反应的基因。本周《Immunity》发表了她的最新文章

近年来,芝加哥大学的微生物学、免疫学、遗传学家Tatyana Golovkina博士一直在试图解决一个棘手问题:为什么有些人和动物能抵御病毒持续感染,而其他人却不行呢?

I/LnJ品系小鼠特别擅长控制病毒感染。它们能生产对抗多种不同属逆转录病毒的特异性抗体。

Golovkina就很好奇,所以她开始在I/LnJ小鼠身上寻找负责提高免疫反应的基因。本周《Immunity》发表了她的最新文章,他们已经鉴定出了一种控制抗病毒免疫应答的基因,并开始寻找更多线索。

定位克隆(positional cloning)可以帮助研究人员逐步缩小染色体上一个基因的定位。研究人员运用定位克隆手段,发现这个关键基因位于主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)位点。众所周知,MHC位点是免疫系统基因富集区,所以在这里找到一个抗病毒免疫应答基因并不出奇。

“你要知道,MHC位点不止含有与病毒有关的免疫反应控制基因,它上面的免疫基因成千上万,”她说。“通常情况,人们将基因映射到MHC时就会放弃继续搜索,并假设该基因编码的蛋白属于MHC I类或MHC II类。”

科学需要发展。在罗格斯大学生化学家Lisa Denzin和芝加哥丰田技术学院计算生物学家Aly Khan的帮助下,Golovkina团队找到了H2-Ob基因(属于I/LnJ小鼠)和H2-Oa。

H2-Oa编码小鼠H2-O分子和人类HLA-DO分子。很多年前,人们发现H2-O是MHC II类免疫反应的负调节子,即它能关闭免疫反应。大多数研究学者认为这是为了阻止自身免疫反应。但是没有任何I/LnJ小鼠表现出了自身性免疫反应,所以,H2-O分子一定另有用途。

Golovkina团队用I/LnJ小鼠与其他易感小鼠杂交,所产的F1代小鼠全部易感,证明I/LnJ小鼠的H2-Ob是隐性基因,而且该基因产物一定是非功能性蛋白。

“结果令人惊讶,因为迄今为止所发现的几乎所有抗病原体机制都是显性基因在管理,生物体为了生存需要获得这种抗性,”Golovkina说。

用病毒持续处理易感小鼠3到4周,小鼠产生免疫应答,随后H2-O分子跳出来告诉机体停止应答。但是,I/LnJ小鼠携带突变型H2-Ob基因,失活的H2-O令反应持续活跃。因此,它们一旦发动免疫反应就永不会关闭,这让持续性逆转录病毒无处遁形。

Golovkina推测,让免疫反应保持运行有助于机体对慢性感染,如逆转录病毒、乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎病毒的全面检查,至于其他病原体感染,如结核病也能从这种持续免疫反应中收获一定数量的细菌抗体。研究人员发现,I/LnJ小鼠也恰恰对结核感染敏感,也能生产抗结核菌的抗体。


从进化角度来看,生命创造了H2-O分子肯定存在有利的一面,比如及时关闭诸如细胞内细菌病原体感染等免疫反应,但也因此失去了与感染长期斗争的能力。

如今,Golovkina团队已经找到了潜在的抗逆转录病毒、抗乙型和丙型肝炎的基因,下一步他们可能会开发基因疗法来操纵这个基因的功能,或开发合适的药物分子阻止慢性病毒感染患者体内H2-O分子激活。

为了解答文章开头提到的问题Golovkina已经花了20年,她表示:“我会继续研究接下来的这些问题,在研究领域我很擅长打持久战,没有什么能阻止我去揭露我想搞清楚的问题。”
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    2017-08-18 qjddjq
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    2017-08-18 lietome15

    认真学习,不断进步,把经验分享给同好。点赞了!

    0

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    2017-08-17 Arthur M

    非常棒的研究

    0

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    2017-08-17 changjiu

    学习了,谢谢

    0

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