更新版 || SOGC:良性疾病子宫切除术临床实践指南

2021-01-23 张丽丽 张师前 张师前公众号

这份修订后的临床实践指南由加拿大妇产科协会(SOGC)的临床实践妇科委员会编写,由SOGC的家庭医生咨询与指南管理和监督委员会以及加拿大妇科肿瘤学会指南委员会审查,并由SOGC董事会批准。本临床实践指

这份修订后的临床实践指南由加拿大妇产科协会(SOGC)的临床实践妇科委员会编写,由SOGC的家庭医生咨询与指南管理和监督委员会以及加拿大妇科肿瘤学会指南委员会审查,并由SOGC董事会批准。本临床实践指南取代了2002年1月(第109号)和2010年1月(第238号)发布的原始草案。

本实践指南针对因良性妇科指征而接受子宫切除术的成年女性(18岁及以上)这一目标人群,对子宫切除术的方法和同期手术应用进行了审查,以期辅助妇科医生围绕良性指征的子宫切除术进行决策。

1.    良性疾病行子宫切除术的适应症及手术方式

子宫切除术是加拿大医院最常见的主要外科手术之一,在2016-2017年所有住院手术中排名第六(N=41841,2.8%)。良性妇科疾病行子宫切除术最常见的适应症包括治疗(1)子宫肌瘤,(2)异常子宫出血,(3)子宫内膜异位症,(4)POP,和(5)其他慢性盆腔疼痛。紧急情况下可能需要切除子宫,如出血(产科或妇科)或难以处理的盆腔炎。

子宫切除术常用入路包括经阴道(VH)、腹腔镜(LH)、机器人辅助腹腔镜(RH)或经腹部手术(AH)进行。与传统开放手术相比,微创手术的优点是已经得到了很好的证实,包括更少的疼痛,更短的住院时间,更快的恢复正常活动,以及更少的围术期并发症,如发烧和感染。VH和LH被认为是微创手术,应该在VH和LH都不可能的情况下保留AH4。

长期以来,VH一直被认为是子宫切除术的首选途径,其次是LH。随着LH经验的增加,并且没有证据支持其他类型子宫切除术优于VH。LH对于子宫较大、阴道可及性受限和并发盆腔病变(如子宫内膜异位症、粘连性疾病或附件病变)的病例可能是有利的。

2. 影响子宫切除术选择的因素有哪些?

在决定哪种类型的子宫切除术对患者来说是最安全时,有几个因素需要考虑:①子宫的大小和活动度;②盆腔病变的程度和治疗的需要;③需要额外的手术程序;④外科医生培训、专业知识、设施和获得技术的途径;⑤患者喜好。

子宫切除术的手术实践还没有正式标准化,选择子宫切除术的路径是患者和外科医生共同的决策过程,当然也取决于手术的适应症。

3. 子宫切除术的不同手术方式的比较

Cochrane最近的一项系统分析比较了每种类型子宫切除术的手术结局。

①VH vs TLH :手术时间更短。②VH vs AH:更快地恢复正常活动;缩短住院时间;较少的发烧发作或未指明的感染。③LH vs AH:更快地恢复正常活动;下尿路损伤率增加(膀胱和输尿管损伤的汇总数据);缩短住院时间;伤口和腹部伤口感染较少;较少的发烧发作或未指明的感染。④LH vsRH没有区别。

4.其他

文中就子宫切除术中卵巢和输卵管的处理、子宫切除术后阴道穹隆关闭方式、子宫次全切除术的作用、围手术期术前检查、预防性应用抗生素、术后预防静脉血栓栓塞症等等相关问题也一并做了阐述,在下面的声明及建议中可以找到答案。

5.指南简要声明

1. 技术性定义为通过微创途径(腹腔镜、腹腔镜辅助和阴道)进行的子宫切除术的比例。技术性指数的提高与手术质量和病人护理的改善有关 (高)。

2. 与开腹手术相比,微创子宫切除术的围术期并发症较少(高)。

3. 规模大的医院和外科医生技术含量高,并发症发生率低(高)。

4. 微创子宫切除术后的当天出院方案是经济有效的,不会增加并发症或再住院率,并与高患者满意度相关 (中等)。

5. 不同的子宫切除术入路之间的尿路损伤有可比性 (中度) 。

6. 开腹手术或小切口在特定情况下可能是合适的选择,这取决于患者因素、手术适应症和潜在的病理 (中度) 。

7. 阴道穹窿裂开的风险很少,与缝合材料或缝合途径的选择无关 (中度)。

8. 与全子宫切除术相比,子宫次全切除术并不能保持性功能、减少盆腔器官脱垂或减少尿路损伤的发生率 (中度)。

9. 子宫肌瘤患者术前应用醋酸亮丙瑞林或醋酸利普利特可缩小肌瘤体积,减少出血,纠正贫血。应在术前讨论医疗的风险和益处 (高)。

10. 良性疾病的妇科手术前不需要常规机械性肠道准备 (高)。

11. 切除子宫时切除正常卵巢可降低患卵巢癌的风险,但可能与健康问题相关。双侧卵巢切除术可能导致绝经前妇女更年期症状的急性发展,而且在没有卵巢癌遗传易感性的情况下,并没有明显生存获益 (高)。

12. 单独切除子宫会影响卵巢储备 (高)。

13. 子宫切除术时的机会性输卵管切除术有望降低高级别浆液性卵巢癌的发病率 (低)。

14. 无盆腔器官脱垂的患者在子宫切除术时,没有强有力的证据支持常规的子宫骶部或阴道穹隆悬吊术 (低)。

6. 指南建议:

1. 良性指征的子宫切除术最好是经阴道或腹腔镜途径 (强、高)。

2. 阴式子宫切除术仍被认为是子宫切除术的首选入路,但腹腔镜子宫切除术是一种合适的可供选择的微创方法 (强、中度)。

3. 术前纠正贫血(血红蛋白<120g/L)可降低围手术期的发病率和病死率 (强、高)。

4. 对所有行子宫切除术的患者,术前应预防性使用抗生素,并采取措施降低静脉血栓栓塞的风险 (强、高)。

5. 在子宫切除术时,应该向妇女咨询切除卵巢的好处和风险。这应该包括关于卵巢癌风险的讨论,以及与双侧卵巢切除术相关的早期绝经对健康的长期影响 (强、中度)。

6. 子宫切除术时可考虑机会性输卵管切除术,但不应仅为此目的而改变计划中的手术入路 (强、低)。

7. 尿路损伤是子宫切除术的已知并发症,临床医生对怀疑损伤的病例应行进一步检查。进行子宫切除术的外科医生应单独或通过会诊行诊断性膀胱镜检查,以评估膀胱和输尿管的完整性 (强、中度)。

8. 子宫内膜异位症患者如计划行子宫切除术,应同时行局部子宫内膜异位症切除 (强、中度)。

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