JAMA Pediatr:玩手机、看电视……孩子沉迷“屏幕”,或将影响其大脑发育

2019-01-30 符苏 生物探索

近日,JAMA子刊《JAMA Paediatrics》发表了一篇文章,给家长们“敲了警钟”:幼儿使用电子设备看电视或进行视频游戏,可能会延迟他们语言、社交能力等相关技能的发展。

图片来源:Pixabay

农历新年将至,“熊孩子们”大多已开启了寒假模式。

手机、电视、电脑……五花八门的电子产品,让他们的假期多了很多选择。

近日,JAMA子刊《JAMA Paediatrics》发表了一篇文章,给家长们“敲了警钟”:幼儿使用电子设备看电视或进行视频游戏,可能会延迟他们语言、社交能力等相关技能的发展。

这项由加拿大的科学家们完成的大规模研究,为“屏幕时间对孩子有负面影响”提供了新的证据。

幼儿“屏幕时间”过多或将影响其语言等能力

研究团队共调研了近2,500名两岁儿童。在2011-2016年间,妈妈们需要完成调查问卷(ASQ-3,年龄与发育进程问卷),填写关于孩子在2、3、5岁时的成长状况以及“屏幕时间”。这里的“屏幕时间”包括看电视(电影等视频)、玩游戏、使用电脑、手机或者其他电子产品。

ASQ-3问卷关联了5个发育方面:沟通(communication)、大肌肉运动(gross motor)、手眼协调运动(fine motor)、问题解决(problem solving)和个人社交(personal-social)。

结果显示,2岁时,儿童平均每周花费在“屏幕”上的时间约为17个小时(每天约为2.4小时)。待到3岁,这一时间增加至约25个小时(每天约为3.6小时)。但是,5岁时屏幕时间降低了,约为11小时(每天约为1.6小时,因为这一时间多半已经上学了)。

而且,2岁和3岁儿童“屏幕时间”越长,与3岁和5岁的发育筛查试验表现越差有关。也就是说,2-3岁的儿童“屏幕时间”过多与其语言、运动等技能发育缺陷和延迟有关。

研究人员表示,当幼儿观看电子屏幕时,他们可能会错失练习交流、运动等重要技能的机会。

理论上,沉迷于电子产品可能会妨碍社交,并可能会占据本应用来练习攀爬、走路或者其他身体技能上的时间,即便他们最终可能仍然会赶上同龄小朋友。

虽然因果关系尚未得到证实(没有直接可靠的伤害证据),Sheri Madigan团队认为,过多的屏幕时间会以一些可能的方式影响孩子的发展。控制儿童的“屏幕时间”,并确保其不会干扰孩子与人面对面互动(或者家庭时间)仍然是有意义的。

沉迷电子产品,或影响大脑结构

2018年底,Medical press曾报道了一项关于“花费大量时间在电子设备上会影响儿童大脑结构”的研究结果。

来自于美国国立卫生研究院的科学家们对4500名儿童的大脑进行了扫描,他们初步发现,“屏幕时间”过长(每天超7个小时),会导致9岁、10岁儿童的大脑发生结构性变化,包括皮质过早变薄、体积缩小。其中,大脑皮质是处理感官信息的最外层区域。

同时,每天“屏幕时间”超2小时的孩子在语言、推理测试中得分较差。

研究团队表示,目前还不能将大脑结构异常归因于电子产品。但是一些认知技能的测试反应出沉迷电子产品可能会产生危害。

合理的“屏幕时间”是?

这是一个很好的问题,但最新的研究并没有给出一个确切的答案。

加拿大和美国的专家表示,幼儿要在18个月之后才观看电子产品。

美国儿科协会(AAP)对于“屏幕时间”曾给出过一份指导方案:

对于18个月以下的儿童,避免使用除了视频聊天之外的电子设备;

对于18-24个月大的孩子,父母可以选择高质量的节目,并陪同孩子一起观看,以帮助他们了解其中的内容;

对于2-5岁的儿童,每天的“屏幕时间”应该限制在1小时之内,且观看内容需要保证质量。同样,父母应该陪同孩子一起观看;

对于6岁以上的儿童,时间依然需要控制,以确保不会影响睡眠和身体活动。

2019年年初,英国皇家儿科和儿童健康学院(RCPCH)也给出了参考,但是并没有直接限制。“目前关于适当的屏幕时间的证据并不充足,我们无法建议具体的限制时间。”

相反,学院建议家庭“自我监督”:您家中的屏幕时间是否受到控制?屏幕使用是否会干扰家人进行其他事情?是否会影响睡眠?能否在屏幕时间期间控制零食的摄取?

“如果这些问题大家都能够自主回答,且对答案感到满意,那么他们‘可能在这一棘手问题上处理得很好’。”RCPCH解释道。

英国数据显示,近年来儿童花费在互联网上的时间呈上升趋势(图片来源:EMPICS)

如何拒绝电子产品的“诱惑”?

AAP建议,家人可以指定一个“无电子设备时间”,例如晚餐、驾车,或者一个“无电子设备区域”,例如卧室。

RCPCH表示,大人们需要树立良好榜样。

大多数专家还建议,孩子在入睡前一小时不要接触电子产品,以便大脑有时间放松,从而更好地进入梦乡。

来自皇家精神病学家的Bernadka Dubicka博士说:“我们仍需要更多的研究来告诉我们哪些孩子最容易受到电子产品使用的危害,以及它可能对孩子的心理健康产生的具体影响。此外,我们还需要考虑不同内容的影响,因为电子产品也有很多积极的作用。”

网络成瘾相关评估:

原始出处:Madigan S, Browne D, Racine N, et al. Association Between Screen Time and Children's Performance on a Developmental Screening Test. JAMA Pediatr. 2019 Jan 28.

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    2019-10-22 yhj-time
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    2019-03-12 jyzxjiangqin

    玩手机看电视影响大脑发育。

    0

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