反复胸痛心悸 怎样通过问诊锁定病因?

2017-11-02 廖玉华 心血管疾病临床诊疗思维

35岁女性患者,因“反复胸痛、心悸1年”于2012年9月17日入院,问诊主要围绕“胸痛是否与心悸同时发作”,结合体格检查考虑心血管系统疾病的可能性最大,由超声心动图确诊为二尖瓣脱垂伴轻度关闭不全,行β受体阻滞剂及血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂治疗。本例中需明确问诊的主要思路是什么以及超声心动图在确诊时发挥了怎样的作用。

35岁女性患者,因“反复胸痛、心悸1年”于2012年9月17日入院,问诊主要围绕“胸痛是否与心悸同时发作”,结合体格检查考虑心血管系统疾病的可能性最大,由超声心动图确诊为二尖瓣脱垂伴轻度关闭不全,行β受体阻滞剂及血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂治疗。本例中需明确问诊的主要思路是什么以及超声心动图在确诊时发挥了怎样的作用。

一、主诉

反复胸痛、心悸1年。

二、病史询问

思维提示:胸痛常见于各种原因导致的心肌缺血,心悸多由心律失常导致。患者为青年女性,是冠心病的低危人群,因此问诊目的主要围绕胸痛是否与心悸同时发作,二者的诱发、缓解因素、持续时间、发病时的伴随症状、是否外院治疗及效果如何等问题展开,并兼顾重要鉴别疾病的临床表现,以寻找符合心脏疾病的证据。

(一)问诊的主要内容及目的

1.胸痛、心悸的诱发和缓解因素?

胸痛是否与心悸同时发生,二者是否与体力活动有关。劳力性胸痛常见于冠心病、主动脉瓣疾病、肥厚型心肌病等。胸痛与心悸同时发生,多见于快速性心律失常诱发的心肌缺血。

2.胸痛、心悸的发作特点及伴随症状?

冠心病心绞痛持续时间多为数分钟至十余分钟,往往不超过半小时;胸痛呈持续性常见于急性心肌梗死、主动脉夹层、肺栓塞、自发性气胸等。胸痛伴发热、咳嗽时可能有肺部感染;伴呼吸困难多见于心肌梗死、气胸、胸膜炎等;伴休克多见于急性心肌梗死、肺栓塞等。期前收缩导致的心悸患者往往诉早跳感或心搏脱漏感,阵发性室上速、特发性室速患者心悸往往表现为快而整齐,突发突止,房颤患者心悸往往表现为快而乱,逐渐发作和缓慢终止。

3.是否到医院做过检查,检查结果?是否进行过治疗,疗效如何?

对先前的检查结果,治疗以及治疗效果的评估对疾病的鉴别诊断尤为重要而且对病人病情进展的了解具有重要意义。

4.曾经是否有过反复上呼吸道感染及关节肿痛史?

风湿性损害是二尖瓣关闭不全的最常见原因,大部分心瓣膜病患者无风湿热病史,因而反复链球菌前驱感染史(多表现为上呼吸道感染史)是诊断风湿性瓣膜病的重要依据。

(二)问诊结果及思维提示

患者为青年女性,文员。近1年来,患者反复出现胸痛,位于心前区,为钝痛,程度不剧烈,与体力活动或精神紧张无关,持续数分钟至数小时不等,含服硝酸甘油无效。此外,还出现心悸,每日间断感,心跳不规则,与活动无关,与胸痛关系亦不明显,无发作性心动过速感。病程中,患者无明显呼吸困难,无晕厥发作,无发热、咳嗽,无明显食欲增加,无体重减轻,夜间可平卧、体力活动无明显下降。

既往史:体健,无反复咽喉、关节痛病史。

思维提示:患者胸痛、心悸发生发展过程中并无反复发热、咳嗽、咳脓痰、喘息气短等表现,与呼吸系统疾病关系不大。胸痛与体力活动无关,考虑与心肌缺血的关系不大。应在体格检查时重点注意患者心率及心脏瓣膜部位听诊。实验室检查以及影像学检查对于疾病确诊以及其他疾病的鉴别诊断具有重要意义。

三、体格检查

(一)重点检查内容和目的

考虑患者心血管系统疾病的可能性最大,因此应重点注意心脏的体征,尤其是心脏部位心音、杂音的听诊,此外还要注意有无颈静脉怒张,肝肿大,双下肢水肿等右心衰表现。同时,此外还应寻找可导致心脏改变的其他系统疾病表现,如有无甲状腺功能异常的体征、有无脱发、皮肤损害等结缔组织疾病的体征。

(二)体格检查结果及思维提示

T 36.5℃,P 72次/分,R 18次/分,BP 110/70mmHg。神志清楚,自动体位。口唇无发绀,颈静脉无怒张,气管居中,无三凹征。胸廓对称,双侧呼吸运动一致,双肺叩诊呈清音,双肺听诊未闻及干湿性啰音。心界不大。心尖部可闻及收缩期喀喇音及3/6级吹风样杂音,余瓣膜未闻及明显病理性杂音,未闻及心包摩擦音。腹软,肝脾肋下未触及,腹水征阴性。双下肢无水肿。

思维提示:通过体检结果与问诊后,初步考虑为心脏瓣膜疾病 二尖瓣脱垂伴关闭不全,心尖部可闻及收缩期喀喇音及3/6级吹风样杂音,符合二尖瓣脱垂伴关闭不全的表现,进一步实验室和影像学检查的主要目的是明确病变并判断病情的程度,从而为治疗方案提供依据。

四、实验室和影像学检查

(一)初步检查内容及目的

1.血常规检查

明确是否有贫血、感染等。

2.红细胞沉降率、C反应蛋白、抗链球菌溶血素

明确是否有风湿热活动。

3.甲状腺功能

甲状腺功能亢进或减退均可导致心悸。

4.ENA全套

寻找有无结缔组织疾病的证据。

5.心电图及24小时动态心电图检查

了解心脏节律及其与心悸的关系。

6.X线检查

反映心影大小的变化以及肺循环的表现。

7.超声心动图检查

确定心脏形态结构的改变以及心脏功能。

(二)检查结果及提示

1.血常规

正常范围。

2.红细胞沉降率、C反应蛋白、抗链球菌溶血素

均在正常范围。

3.甲状腺功能

正常范围。

4.ENA全套

正常范围。

5.心电图及24小时动态心电图检查

心电图结果为窦性心律,频发室性期前收缩。Holter结果提示,共记录心跳98425次,其中单源性室性期前收缩8795次,未见成对及成串性室性期前收缩。

6.X线检查

心肺未见明显异常。

7.超声心动图表现

LA 3.7cm、LV 4.8cm、EF 60%;左房轻度增大,收缩期二尖瓣前后叶突向左心房,并超过瓣环水平,可见二尖瓣呈明显气球样改变,瓣叶变厚,冗长。收缩期左房侧可见少量反流信号(图26-1)。


图26-1 二尖瓣脱垂的二维超声心动图

思维提示:重要的检查结果为超声心动图表现为收缩期二尖瓣前后叶突向左心房,并超过瓣环水平。结合患者的病史和体格检查结果,进一步支持二尖瓣脱垂的诊断。

五、诊断

二尖瓣脱垂伴轻度关闭不全 左房增大 心律失常 频发室性期前收缩心功能I级

六、治疗方案及理由

1.治疗方案

使用β受体阻滞剂及血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂,定期复查。

2.理由

β受体阻滞剂可降低中枢和外周的交感张力,减弱心肌收缩力,减慢心率,减少心肌氧耗和室壁张力,改善二尖瓣脱垂的程度,因此缓解胸痛及室性期前收缩症状。血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂可扩张周围动脉,减轻心脏后负荷,提高左室前向排血量,缓解二尖瓣关闭不全。目前患者仅表现出二尖瓣轻度关闭不全,左房稍大,可暂不外科治疗。一旦出现二尖瓣重度关闭不全伴充血性心衰的临床表现,即应该外科治疗。

七、关于本病例的思考

此患者胸痛、心悸均无明显特异性,仅凭病史询问,很难考虑到二尖瓣脱垂的诊断,但体格检查发现患者心尖部听诊区可闻及收缩期喀喇音及3/6级吹风样杂音。心尖部收缩期喀喇音为腱索被忽然拉紧或瓣叶的脱垂忽然中止所致,吹风样杂音为瓣膜关闭不全导致,因此,应考虑到本病。由于超声心动图具有相当的准确性,本病的确诊并不难。

原发性二尖瓣脱垂是一种先天性结缔组织疾病,其确切病因尚未明确。二尖瓣脱垂的病理特征为二尖瓣粘液样变性,海绵层增生增厚伴蛋白多糖堆积并侵入纤维层。部分二尖瓣脱垂可继发于风湿或病毒感染之后,以前叶脱垂多见。此外,亦可见于冠心病、心肌病、先天性心脏病及甲状腺机能亢进患者,诊治过程中应注意完善相关检查。

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    学习了谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2017-11-05 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2017-11-04 yeaweam
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    2017-11-03 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2017-11-03 杨柳青青

    签到学习了--

    0

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    2017-11-03 1391e9f2a7m

    谢谢分享.认真学习了

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=259051, encodeId=4de9259051ee, content=学习了谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Nov 06 05:13:59 CST 2017, time=2017-11-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=258948, encodeId=7529258948c6, content=学习了谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Nov 05 21:20:24 CST 2017, time=2017-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1423723, encodeId=89b31423e2389, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=de16510080e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心悸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51008, encryptionId=de16510080e, topicName=心悸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=55bb3833215, createdName=yeaweam, createdTime=Sat Nov 04 08:38:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=258430, encodeId=e53525843087, content=学习了谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Nov 03 20:24:47 CST 2017, time=2017-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=258314, encodeId=4978258314f8, content=签到学习了--, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eeef1960262, createdName=杨柳青青, createdTime=Fri Nov 03 10:05:36 CST 2017, time=2017-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=258280, encodeId=05ad258280fc, content=谢谢分享.认真学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo61WAV0ROeLAoicPxPKoKaogwLWLL8STv86qplbdOibN2YR4KxkJicqNectCXGR8gPJhGLc7yYLSdnpx4kaVXndTfu/0, createdBy=a6962042337, createdName=1391e9f2a7m, createdTime=Fri Nov 03 07:57:45 CST 2017, time=2017-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=258181, encodeId=ce9625818129, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Thu Nov 02 23:22:01 CST 2017, time=2017-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=258166, encodeId=29082581662d, content=非常好的文章.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7LIiaRZTzJ3SEfiauCzTMPW7YvPPYLNJBXG9oh6Al1icq2VQQkIHWxqXehcicTS62YKJVBhxeth3wggw/0, createdBy=7ce01621306, createdName=天涯183, createdTime=Thu Nov 02 22:38:54 CST 2017, time=2017-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=258101, encodeId=0e9f258101bb, content=学习了谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Nov 02 18:46:05 CST 2017, time=2017-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-02 天地飞扬

    谢谢分享!

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=259051, encodeId=4de9259051ee, content=学习了谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Nov 06 05:13:59 CST 2017, time=2017-11-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=258948, encodeId=7529258948c6, content=学习了谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Nov 05 21:20:24 CST 2017, time=2017-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1423723, encodeId=89b31423e2389, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=de16510080e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心悸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51008, encryptionId=de16510080e, topicName=心悸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=55bb3833215, createdName=yeaweam, createdTime=Sat Nov 04 08:38:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=258430, encodeId=e53525843087, content=学习了谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Nov 03 20:24:47 CST 2017, time=2017-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=258314, encodeId=4978258314f8, content=签到学习了--, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eeef1960262, createdName=杨柳青青, createdTime=Fri Nov 03 10:05:36 CST 2017, time=2017-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=258280, encodeId=05ad258280fc, content=谢谢分享.认真学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo61WAV0ROeLAoicPxPKoKaogwLWLL8STv86qplbdOibN2YR4KxkJicqNectCXGR8gPJhGLc7yYLSdnpx4kaVXndTfu/0, createdBy=a6962042337, createdName=1391e9f2a7m, createdTime=Fri Nov 03 07:57:45 CST 2017, time=2017-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=258181, encodeId=ce9625818129, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Thu Nov 02 23:22:01 CST 2017, time=2017-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=258166, encodeId=29082581662d, content=非常好的文章.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7LIiaRZTzJ3SEfiauCzTMPW7YvPPYLNJBXG9oh6Al1icq2VQQkIHWxqXehcicTS62YKJVBhxeth3wggw/0, createdBy=7ce01621306, createdName=天涯183, createdTime=Thu Nov 02 22:38:54 CST 2017, time=2017-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=258101, encodeId=0e9f258101bb, content=学习了谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Nov 02 18:46:05 CST 2017, time=2017-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-02 天涯183

    非常好的文章.学习了

    0

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    2017-11-02 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了谢谢作者分享!

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