先天性双主动脉弓血管环患儿气管异物麻醉处理1例

2018-10-15 王建设 费建 赵龙德 中国内镜杂志

患儿女,8岁3个月,20kg,因“咳嗽2个月余”于2016年5月9日入院,期间外院抗感染治疗效果欠佳,反复发作咳嗽、气喘。该院胸部CT考虑“支气管异物,双主动脉弓”(图1)。平素挑食,否认既往呼吸及吞咽困难病史。

双主动脉弓是血管环畸形中最常见的类型,是由于主动脉弓走行及分支起源异常,主动脉弓及其分支和肺动脉与气管、食管位置关系异常而形成。异常血管完全或部分包绕食管和气管,对其造成不同程度的压迫,引起呼吸困难、反复呼吸道感染及吞咽困难等症状。本院收治1例先天性双主动脉弓血管环气管异物患儿。现报道如下:
 
1.临床资料
 
患儿女,8岁3个月,20kg,因“咳嗽2个月余”于2016年5月9日入院,期间外院抗感染治疗效果欠佳,反复发作咳嗽、气喘。该院胸部CT考虑“支气管异物,双主动脉弓”(图1)。平素挑食,否认既往呼吸及吞咽困难病史。
 
图1  胸部CT 所示。A:右侧支气管异物;B:正面观;C:背面观(双主动脉弓)
 
5月10日心脏B超提示双主动脉弓(右弓优势型),5月12日64排CT心脏大血管平扫+增强提示:①双主动脉弓,完整血管环形成(双弓包绕气管和食道);中位降主动脉;②右侧中间段支气管及以下分支异物,部分右上叶支气管异物可能;主气管远端狭窄(狭窄长度约12.7mm,最窄处直径约3.6mm);③右肺感染(图2)。
 
图2  心脏CT所示。A:主气管远端狭窄明显;B:正面观;C:背面观(双主动脉弓;完整血管环形成,双弓包绕气管和食道)
 
术前呼吸科会诊考虑异物较大,纤维支气管镜取异物困难。心胸外科会诊建议术中控制血压,轻柔操作,加强监测。拟5月13日全身麻醉下行硬支气管镜检查及异物取出术。入室后监测心率(heart rate,HR)133次/min,血氧饱和度(oxygen saturation,SpO2)98%,呼吸频率(respiratory rate,RR)23次/min,无创血压(nonivasive blood pressure,NBP)116/68mmHg,局部脑氧饱和度值(regional cerebral oxygen saturation,rSO2)78/85(左侧/右侧)。
 
麻醉诱导:咪唑安定1.0mg,舒芬太尼5.0μg,丙泊酚50.0mg,地塞米松3.0mg,辅以3.0%七氟醚吸入,新鲜气流量4.0L/min,保留自主呼吸,2.0%利多卡因(含0.1%肾上腺素)咽喉部表面麻醉。左侧桡动脉有创血压监测。Boyce位下轻柔置入4.5(满足手术需要的最小型号)硬支气管镜,镜体表面涂有利多卡因乳膏,以减轻对气管狭窄部位的刺激,同时经气管镜侧孔接氧气辅助呼吸。内镜下气管隆突上方明显狭窄清晰可见,轻柔向下通过狭窄处时有突破感,迅速于右侧支气管内取出瓜子1枚(因异物较大,硬支气管镜连同一起退出),观察患儿生命体征3min,SpO295%~97%,HR110~121次/min,NBP108~112/59~62mmHg,RR12~20次/min,rSO279/81(左侧/右侧)。

再次润滑镜体后进镜检查,此时患儿有轻微屏气,SpO2下降至82%,rSO2降至72/73(左侧/右侧),给予丙泊酚30.0mg静推后缓解,SpO2升至94%以上,再次从右侧取出较大残碎瓜子(硬支气管镜连同退出),后再次润滑镜体后进镜从左侧取出残碎瓜子(通过镜体取出),最后查看双侧支气管通畅,未见异物残留,吸出痰液后结束手术。术毕血气分析示酸碱度(potential of hydrogen,pH)7.32,二氧化碳分压(partial pressure of carbondioxide,PCO2)49.0mmHg,氧分压(partial pressure of oxygen,PO2)128.6mmHg,血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)128g/L,剩余碱(base excess,BE)-5.1mmol/L,碳酸氢根(carbonic acid hydrogen radical,HCO3-)20.3mol/L。从麻醉诱导至手术结束耗时25min,苏醒期患儿SpO2维持在96%以上,呼吸平稳,双肺呼吸音对称,未闻及喘鸣音,术毕15min患儿清醒,安全送回病房。心电监护,鼻导管吸氧2L/min,给予抗炎、雾化治疗,随访3d未见异常,康复出院。
 
2.讨论
 
仅有血管环并不一定造成明显压迫或影响循环系统功能,有的患者可能终身无症状或只有轻微症状而无须特殊治疗。胸片、CT、磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)动脉造影等检查有助于诊断。纤维支气管镜可产生气管狭窄部一系列图像,对于先天性气管狭窄或合并气管全环者有重要的诊断价值,但存在加重气道阻塞的风险,并不是必须的检查手段。也有术者在术中应用纤维支气管镜评估手术前后的疗效,了解手术对气管的压迫有无解除及解除程度。对不伴有其他先天性心脏畸形的双主动脉弓病例,胸部平片可无异常,部分患儿容易误诊为呼吸系统疾病和气道异物,需要与之鉴别。该患儿病程2个月余,期间外院以肺炎抗感染治疗效果欠佳,仅有胸片检查,直至胸部CT检查才发现异物和双主动脉弓,耽误了及时诊断和治疗。此类患儿术前评估主要关注既往有无呼吸道和食道梗阻的症状,如反复咳嗽喘息、呼吸困难、饮食和吞咽困难及优势体位等。
 
该患儿否认既往呼吸及吞咽困难史,生长发育可,病程中无呼吸困难、气促等异常情况,提示双弓对气管和食道的压迫程度相对较轻,术中关键在于最大限度地减少硬支气管镜对气管狭窄部位的摩擦和损伤及由此引起的水肿、梗阻加重甚至大出血,如避免多次进镜及镜体反复移动对狭窄段刺激、选择较细的镜子、操作轻柔及减少手术时间等。同时麻醉过程中要尽量避免使用肌松剂,避免出现血压过高而导致气道受压加重。

因此,麻醉实施选择舒芬太尼、丙泊酚复合七氟烷并结合完善的气管内表面麻醉,术中维持相对较深的麻醉深度,控制HR、血压及RR,避免较大的血流动力学变动,保持气道通畅,避免缺氧,术中保留自主呼吸,有创压实时监测血压变化。同时请有经验的操作者进行手术,选择相对细的硬支气管镜并润滑镜体,减少对狭窄部位的损伤。李健等报道采用内镜视频监视系统辅助支气管镜诊治小儿气管支气管异物,效果显著。此外,还请胸心外科合作,备好体外循环设备,以备紧急情况下使用。对于儿童中反复出现原因不明的咳喘等呼吸道症状者,尤其是婴幼儿期起病的反复喘息,除了呼吸道异物外,还应考虑到心肺血管畸形,血管环畸形压迫呼吸道的可能,超声心动图联合多排CT可明确诊断,及早手术解除气管狭窄是改善预后的关键。
  
原始出处:

王建设, 费建, 赵龙德. 先天性双主动脉弓血管环患儿气管异物麻醉处理1例[J]. 中国内镜杂志, 2017, 23(3):107-109.

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    2018-10-17 huirong
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