Mol Cell:林水宾博士等揭示tRNA m7G修饰谱新功能

2018-07-08 BioArt BioArt

过去一段时间,关于mRNA上m6A修饰的相关研究BioArt进行了许多报道,事实上相比于mRNA上的修饰而言,tRNA上的修饰种类更为丰富,然而tRNA上的修饰并没有很多研究报道(今年2月,芝加哥大学潘涛教授在Cell Research杂志上发表了一篇相关综述)。

过去一段时间,关于mRNA上m6A修饰的相关研究BioArt进行了许多报道,事实上相比于mRNA上的修饰而言,tRNA上的修饰种类更为丰富,然而tRNA上的修饰并没有很多研究报道(今年2月,芝加哥大学潘涛教授在Cell Research杂志上发表了一篇相关综述)。

7月5日,中山大学附属第一医院转化医学中心林水宾博士和哈佛医学院Richard Gregory团队在Molecular Cell杂志在线发表了题为The Mettl1/Wdr4 mediated m7G tRNA methylome is required for normal mRNA translation and embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation的研究论文,揭示了m7G tRNA修饰对mRNA翻译、干细胞自我更新分化和小头侏儒症等发育相关疾病的调控功能和机理 。

近年来,RNA修饰逐渐成为研究热点,研究发现mRNA含有各种不同的表观遗传学修饰,并且这些表观遗传修饰可以调控mRNA稳定性和翻译从而控制基因表达,并且在组织发育和肿瘤发生发展过程中起重要调控作用。与mRNA相比,tRNA具有更加丰富的修饰,并且发生在tRNA上的多种修饰异常在病人中导致出生缺陷和神经发育异常。例如针对多例病因未知的小头畸形和智力残疾侏儒症婴儿的外显子测序发现,发生在tRNA m7G修饰的主要蛋白复合物成员WDR4外显子上的突变引起新生儿的神经和个体发育缺陷。tRNA m7G甲基化复合物主要有甲基化酶METTL1和辅助蛋白WDR4组成。之前关于tRNA m7G甲基化的研究主要在酵母中进行,在酵母里Trm8(METTL1同源基因)和Trm82(WDR4同源基因)的敲除导致tRNA m7G修饰的缺失,但是 Trm8和Trm82敲除在正常条件下对酵母的生长没有影响。然而在人类中,WDR4突变引起的tRNA m7G修饰异常会导致胎儿新生儿先天性小头畸形和智力残疾,这说明在人类等哺乳动物中tRNA m7G修饰对胎儿的正常生长发育起着重要的调控。然而,WDR4基因缺陷引起小头畸形和智力残疾的分子机理并不清楚。

虽然新一代测序方法在基因组学、mRNA转录组学、mRNA表观修饰组学等领域得到广泛的应用,tRNA的转录组学和表观修饰组学方面的研究却一直非常滞后。这是因为tRNA具有特殊的三叶草形的二级结构和复杂多样的RNA修饰,高级二级结构和高丰度的RNA修饰导致反转录酶不能有效地把tRNA反转录成cDNA,所以普通的基于反转录的高通量测序文库方法不能有效的用于tRNA测序文库的构建。2015年在Nature Methods杂志同一期发表的两篇tRNA高通量测序的方法为研究tRNA表达提供了重要的技术基础。这种新方法利用去甲基化酶AlkB先去除tRNA上面的大部分修饰,然后在高温情况下进行反转录,从而大大提供了tRNA反转录效率而实现对tRNA表达的高通量测序。

为了研究tRNA m7G修饰异常引起新生儿的小头畸形侏儒症和智力残疾的分子机理,林水宾博士等开发了两种基于AlkB去甲基化的描绘tRNA m7G修饰图谱的高通量测序方法,分别为tRNA m7G 甲基化RNA共沉淀测序 (m7G Methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation-Sequence, MeRIP-Seq) 和m7G tRNA 还原和断裂测序 (m7G tRNA Reduction and Cleavage-Sequence, TRAC-Seq),并成功利用这两种方法鉴定了胚胎干细胞中的tRNA m7G甲基化修饰谱。

研究发现小鼠胚胎干细胞里有22个不同的tRNA含有m7G修饰,这说明哺乳动物里面m7G tRNA修饰广泛的存在,为研究m7G tRNA修饰异常导致人类胎儿发育畸形和智力残疾的机理奠定了理论和技术基础。 进一步研究表明METTL1或者WDR4敲除在胚胎干细胞里面引起tRNA m7G修饰缺陷,mRNA翻译水平下降,并导致干细胞标记物表达降低和生长增殖下降,说明METTL1和WDR4介导的m7G tRNA修饰对维持胚胎干细胞自我更新具有重要作用。诱导胚胎干细胞分化实验表明,METTL1或者WDR4敲除的胚胎干细胞倾向于往内胚层和中胚层分化,而向神经系统分化的能力受到严重抑制(下图)。上述研究在一定程度上解释了tRNA m7G修饰异常引起小头畸形和神经发育异常疾病的机理。

据悉,中山大学附属第一医院转化医学中心林水宾博士和哈佛医学院刘琪博士为本文的共同第一作者,哈佛医学院Richard Gregory教授为本文通讯作者。

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    2019-04-18 维他命
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    2018-07-10 liao1622
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    2018-07-10 zhangyxzsh

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