Science:你向父亲继承的不只是基因?

2016-01-21 佚名 中国数字科技馆

老鼠精细胞中不仅包含DNA,还包含可改变后代新陈代谢的RNA片段。雄性老鼠将一个意外遗产留给了它们的子孙后代。本周在线发表于《科学》(Science)上的两项研究揭示:啮齿类动物的精子携带了可改变他们后代新陈代 谢的RNA片段。这两项研究聚焦于通常有助于合成蛋白质的RNA,因此研究结果指向一种非传统的遗传方式。结果“令人兴奋和惊讶,但并不是不可能,” 华盛顿西北太平洋的西雅图糖尿病研究中心的遗传学

老鼠精细胞中不仅包含DNA,还包含可改变后代新陈代谢的RNA片段。

雄性老鼠将一个意外遗产留给了它们的子孙后代。本周在线发表于《科学》(Science)上的两项研究揭示:啮齿类动物的精子携带了可改变他们后代新陈代 谢的RNA片段。这两项研究聚焦于通常有助于合成蛋白质的RNA,因此研究结果指向一种非传统的遗传方式。结果“令人兴奋和惊讶,但并不是不可能,” 华盛顿西北太平洋的西雅图糖尿病研究中心的遗传学家Joseph Nadeau说。

生物学家曾经形容表观遗传时也恰好用了“不可能”这个词,表观遗传认为除了DNA序列还有某种物质可在世代间传递特征。然而,近年来,研究人员找到了很多 例证。例如,雄性老鼠的饮食和压力水平可以调节后代的新陈代谢。研究人员仍在试图确定后代是如何继承父辈的新陈代谢特性和生理状况的。一些证据暗示是由于 DNA的化学修饰。费城宾夕法尼亚大学佩雷尔曼医学院的神经学家Tracy Bale及其同事研究发现,哺乳动物的精子含有一种被称为微RNA(microRNA)的基因调控分子。

这项新的工作强调了一种不同类型的RNA,转运RNA(tRNA)。一项研究中,伍斯特麻省大学的基因学家Oliver Rando及其同事深入研究了一个表观遗传的个案,被喂食低蛋白食物后,老鼠后代中参与胆固醇和脂质代谢的基因活性升高了。Rando的团队分析了缺乏蛋 白质的雄性老鼠的精子,他们发现来自一些类型的tRNA片段显著增加了。研究人员得出结论,当精子通过附睾(睾丸上一根供精细胞成熟的导管)时获得了这些 片段的大多数。

另一项研究中,来自北京中科院以及其他机构的团队同样归因于tRNA片段。科学家将高脂或低脂饮食的老鼠精子注入到未受精卵子中。之后,他们追踪了这些后 代(食用常规饮食)的代谢性能。虽然高脂父辈的后代保持苗条,但在其体内发现了常在它们父辈和那些肥胖或糖尿病人中发现的两项异常:葡萄糖吸收异常和对胰 岛素不敏感。为了判定是否是这些tRNA片段引发了这些性状,研究人员将这些片段插入了已受其它精子的卵子中。吃高脂食物的父辈的tRNA片段导致其后代 也出现了葡萄糖吸收异常的现象。“我们已经找到了另外一个父辈及其后代之间的连接,”合作作者,雷诺内华达大学医学院的生殖生物学家Qi Chen说。

虽然tRNA最为熟知的是在蛋白质合成中的作用,但是它们的片段也出现在其它细胞环境中。“这很好理解,这些功能部件有有趣的第二职能,”Rando说。 这两项研究表明RNA片段改变了基因活性。Rando及其同事封锁了胚胎干细胞中的一个tRNA片段,然后大约70个基因的活性增加了。

Bale说“这两篇论文真的非常令人印象深刻”,它们深入挖掘了表观遗传机制。Nadeau说他们应当有助于攻克识别“负责DNA序列表观遗传的分子”的这项挑战。

研究人员现在需要问“这些变化能持续多久,通过改变饮食它们能够多快实现逆转,” 英国剑桥大学的发育内分泌学家Susan Ozanne说。RNA片段作用不一定是有害的,Chen补充说。“如果不良饮食习惯能够影响我们,我认为健康饮食也能够以同种方式发挥作用,”他预测。

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    2016-01-27 李继凯

    有意思

    0

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    2016-01-27 李继凯

    好好学习

    0

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    2016-01-23 jichang
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    2016-01-22 lyh994

    这是秘密吗?

    0

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    2016-01-22 I come

    进化

    0

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    2016-01-21 KO229256262

    有意思

    0

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