2016脑梗死研究一览

2016-08-29 MedSci MedSci原创

脑梗死是最常见的脑卒中类型,是由各种原因所致的局部脑组织血液供应障碍,导致脑组织缺血缺氧性病变坏死,进而产生相应的神经功能缺失表现。大面积脑梗死也称恶性大脑中动脉梗死,是导致人类死亡或残疾的重要疾病。此类患者具有较典型的临床症状,相对单一的进程,常常因小脑幕切迹疝而死亡。近期,在美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会(American heart association/American stroke a

脑梗死是最常见的脑卒中类型,是由各种原因所致的局部脑组织血液供应障碍,导致脑组织缺血缺氧性病变坏死,进而产生相应的神经功能缺失表现。大面积脑梗死也称恶性大脑中动脉梗死,是导致人类死亡或残疾的重要疾病。此类患者具有较典型的临床症状,相对单一的进程,常常因小脑幕切迹疝而死亡。

近期,在美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会(American heart association/American stroke association,AHA/ASA)《大脑和小脑梗死伴水肿治疗指南(2014)》基础上[1],美国神经重症监护学会(neurocritical care society, NCS)、德国神经重症监护和急诊医学学会(German society for neuro-intensive care and emergency medicine)汇集了来自北美和欧洲神经重症、神经外科、神经内科、神经介入和神经麻醉等多学科专家,为解决LHI治疗中遇到的诸多临床问题制定了2015年《大面积脑梗死治疗指南》[2]。该指南对提高LHI临床诊疗水平具有重要的指导意义。(文章详见--美国神经重症监护学会《大面积脑梗死治疗指南(2015)》解读

近日,中华医学会物理医学与康复学会组织国内脑卒中康复领域的众多专家发布了《中国脑梗死急性期康复专家共识》。关于脑梗死急性期康复专家也了相应的共识。

意识障碍的评定与治疗

脑梗死后意识障碍包括意识水平下降及意识水平正常而意识内容改变,应采用格拉斯哥昏迷评分 (GCS)对脑梗死急性期意识水平进行评定。

对于仍处于昏迷状态的患者可应用药物、神经反射区电刺激以及味觉、嗅觉和听觉刺激等方法改善其意识水平,同时不能忽略昏迷患者气道护理、吞咽功能的管理以及保持肢体关节活动度防治肌肉萎缩的病床上运动治疗。

急性脑梗死患者的康复流程如图

认知功能障碍的评定与治疗

1.认知功能障碍的评定:脑梗死急性期患者意识水平正常时,首先通过MMSE量表进行认知功能筛查,异常者,根据患者临床症状确定是否允许进行更进一步的细致评定。注意力障碍包括视觉水平、集中能力、分散能力以及持续性检查,记忆力包括韦氏记忆及临床记忆测验,执行能力包括开始、终止及自动调节能力评定;失认症包括视觉、听觉及视空间认知功能评定;失用症包括意念运动性、意念性及肢体运动性失用;

2.认知功能障碍的治疗:认知功能康复治疗需重点关注患者的注意力问题,在干预记忆、语言、抽象思维等复杂功能前要尽量保障患者的注意可持续时间,注意力涣散将直接影响患者整体的康复效果ꎮ可通过视觉注意训练,根据警觉水平安排训练时间,于警觉水平最高时安排高警觉要求的任务,每日记录治疗维持时间,对患者的进步予以鼓励。随着患者病情进一步稳定,对于认知功能障碍患者逐步增加系统认知功能训练内容。(文章详见--共识易览:脑梗死急性期如何康复治疗?

那么近期还有哪些研究进展,梅斯医学小编为您盘点。

【1】Stroke:斑块内出血与基底动脉斑块患者的急性脑梗死的相关性

高分辨率磁共振成像(HRMRI)是病变动脉壁理想的序列检查方式,因为它是无创的,具有较好的鉴别组织特性。本研究的目的是评估基底动脉(BA)粥样硬化患者使用HRMRI检测斑块内出血(IPH)患病率和临床的相关性。

研究人员分析了74例患者(45例有症状,29例无症状)的HRMRI和临床资料,所有这些患者都有>50%的BA狭窄。磁化准备快速采集梯度回波的一个BA斑块高信号强度被定义为与从相邻的肌肉的信号的>150%的强度的区域。研究人员还对一个BA斑块区域内的IPH和临床表现之间的关系进行了分析。

使用HRMRI检测BA斑块区域内IPH非常普遍,并与急性卒中相关。(文章详见--Stroke:斑块内出血与基底动脉斑块患者的急性脑梗死的相关性

【2】Neurology:HIV患者脑动脉重塑对其非栓塞性脑梗死的作用

HIV感染患者易发生脑血管疾病。但是,HIV感染、脑动脉重塑以及卒中之间的关系尚不明确。

从284名感染以及非感染HIV的患者大脑中分析大脑动脉(1878部分),得到血管中层厚度、血管壁厚以及腔壁比,确定血管动脉粥样硬化以及脑血管伸展扩张的存在(动脉重塑)。神经病理学评估脑梗死的特征。应用多层模型分析动脉特征与HIV之间的关系。仅在HIV阳性患者中检测动脉特征与脑梗死之间的关系。

与非HIV感染对照组相比,HIV感染患者可能诱发血管向内性重塑。然而,在HIV阳性持续免疫抑制的患者,动脉向外性重塑决定动脉表型。在这些样本中,一半脑梗死患者存在脑动脉极度重塑:动脉硬化以及脑血管延长扩张。了解影响动脉重塑的机制对控制HIV感染人群脑血管疾病有着重要的作用。(文章详见--Neurology:HIV患者脑动脉重塑对其非栓塞性脑梗死的作用

【3】Stroke:无症状脑梗死(SBI)是未来发生卒中的强有力预测因素

无症状脑梗死(SBI)的磁共振成像已被提出可用于将来对症状性脑卒中亚临床风险标志物。研究人员进行了一项系统回顾和荟萃分析总结了磁共振成像定义SBI和未来中风的风险之间的关联。

研究人员检索了医学文献,以确定涉及SBI成人磁共振成像的队列研究,并且随后进行了临床定义为卒中事件的检测。研究数据和质量评估记录一式两份,提取的有分歧的数据通过第三个读者解决。磁共振成像检测的SBI和未来的症状性卒中之间的关联强度是由风险比率计算得到的。

5名非卒中老年人中约有1人存在SBI,且未来中风的危险增加2倍。未来的研究对于临床影像学无法识别大脑明显梗死的患者进行深入卒中风险评估和重症防治措施是必要的。(文章详情--Stroke:无症状脑梗死(SBI)是未来发生卒中的强有力预测因素

【4】Stroke:无症状颈动脉动脉粥样硬化病人静息性脑梗死

颈动脉粥样硬化及同侧静息性脑梗死(SBI)之间的关系尚不清楚。我们验证颈内动脉(ICA)颅外段狭窄和同侧大脑半球静息性脑梗死之间的关系比对侧无颈内动脉颅外段狭窄的相关性更强。

在104个病人中,我们发现与ICA疾病对侧SBI发生率(20.8%)相比,同侧发生率(33%)更高( P=0.0067)。在两侧半球中腔隙性SBIs(包括白质及皮质下)的发生率没有显著差异(P=0.109),但是皮质SBIs在ICA疾病侧发生率更高(P=0.0045)。观察者间可信度较高(κ=0.818)。

研究结论:无症状ICA疾病的病人有同侧SBI更高的发生率同对侧相比。但仅限于皮质SBI,而不是别的腔隙性SBI亚型。(文章详见--Stroke:无症状颈动脉动脉粥样硬化病人静息性脑梗死

【5】Stroke:FGF23水平升高与小血管疾病和亚临床脑梗死相关

成纤维细胞生长因子23(FGF23)升高可以调节磷平衡,并与死亡率、心血管事件、卒中相关。然而, FGF23是否是亚临床脑血管损害的危险因素尚不清楚。

北曼哈顿研究(NOMAS)中有FGF23水平和白质高信号体积和SBI的定量磁共振成像数据的无卒中受试者1170例。校正人口、血管危险因素和肾小球滤过率后,无慢性肾脏病(估计肾小球滤过率<60mL/min/1.73m2)患者中,与最低四分位数(范围= 15-49 Ru/ml)相比,有最高FGF23四分位数水平的(范围= 85-1425 Ru/ml)受试者与白质高信号体积增加相关(β= 0.19%ICV;95% CI,0.04-0.33 % ICV)。校正人口因素和估计肾小球滤过率,FGF23升高与SBI不相关,但是性别可改变FGF23对SBI比率的影响。充分校正后,FGF23与男性SBI比率升高相关(OR,1.7;95% CI,1.1-2.7)。

结论:这些来自以社区为基础的城市样本的横断面研究显示,独立于慢性肾病,FGF23升高和小血管疾病和男性磁共振成像确定脑梗塞相关。需要更多FGF23和亚临床脑血管损伤的进展的数据。(文章详见--Stroke:FGF23水平升高与小血管疾病和亚临床脑梗死相关

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=223344, encodeId=2ab42233445e, content=流程图如果能放大就太好了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KynZWiaZcw1J0lWhzLtT6ukInjVSRV4un6UrPrs68caGt3cNk2qhwctOqMFPWlvwF4wkvtn7bTIOQ/0, createdBy=cca998055, createdName=nannanxyy, createdTime=Tue Jul 18 02:30:33 CST 2017, time=2017-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=134811, encodeId=8d8613481102, content=文章很好值得关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 25 08:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=126862, encodeId=ba6e12686264, content=学习了,赞一个!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160905/IMG57CD39B82D12E7926.jpg, createdBy=ac2c1946830, createdName=青龙偃月, createdTime=Wed Sep 14 20:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1465072, encodeId=d75014650e2ec, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2dea8489010' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑梗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84890, encryptionId=2dea8489010, topicName=脑梗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ccf56689148, createdName=karmond, createdTime=Wed Aug 31 03:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=107663, encodeId=4e4010e66326, content=学习了啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5e291719269, createdName=大旺旺, createdTime=Tue Aug 30 19:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=107087, encodeId=df8e10e0871a, content=哎研究更新的太快了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160725/IMG5795DAB13EA2B2572.jpg, createdBy=3c921669071, createdName=chenweiting, createdTime=Tue Aug 30 06:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-18 nannanxyy

    流程图如果能放大就太好了

    0

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    2016-09-25 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章很好值得关注

    0

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    2016-09-14 青龙偃月

    学习了,赞一个!

    0

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    2016-08-31 karmond
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=223344, encodeId=2ab42233445e, content=流程图如果能放大就太好了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KynZWiaZcw1J0lWhzLtT6ukInjVSRV4un6UrPrs68caGt3cNk2qhwctOqMFPWlvwF4wkvtn7bTIOQ/0, createdBy=cca998055, createdName=nannanxyy, createdTime=Tue Jul 18 02:30:33 CST 2017, time=2017-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=134811, encodeId=8d8613481102, content=文章很好值得关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 25 08:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=126862, encodeId=ba6e12686264, content=学习了,赞一个!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160905/IMG57CD39B82D12E7926.jpg, createdBy=ac2c1946830, createdName=青龙偃月, createdTime=Wed Sep 14 20:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1465072, encodeId=d75014650e2ec, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2dea8489010' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑梗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84890, encryptionId=2dea8489010, topicName=脑梗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ccf56689148, createdName=karmond, createdTime=Wed Aug 31 03:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=107663, encodeId=4e4010e66326, content=学习了啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5e291719269, createdName=大旺旺, createdTime=Tue Aug 30 19:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=107087, encodeId=df8e10e0871a, content=哎研究更新的太快了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160725/IMG5795DAB13EA2B2572.jpg, createdBy=3c921669071, createdName=chenweiting, createdTime=Tue Aug 30 06:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-30 大旺旺

    学习了啊

    0

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    2016-08-30 chenweiting

    哎研究更新的太快了

    0

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